Sodom and Gomorrah Pick and Choose Essay - 1031 Words

Sodom and Gomorrah are only one example, throughout time that has been associated with one word or sentence taken out of context to equal the meaning. Sodom and Gomorrah have become symbols of human wickedness especially associated with Homosexuality and Sodomy.(Green) Even though Sodom and Gomorrah were in fact destroyed by God for â€Å"all of their wickedness†(Walvoord and Zuck 60) and not even ten righteous people could be found †(Walvoord and Zuck 60) in those cities. Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed for there sins against God. In the book of Genesis the only reason given for those cities destruction is â€Å"Because the outcry against Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because there sin is Grave.†(Genesis 18:22) In daylightatheism.org†¦show more content†¦When the Angels told Lot to go into the mountains he asked if he could go to Zoar which was one of the other cities of the plains. (Johnson) The five cities of the plains consisted of Sodom, Gomor rah, Admah, Zeboiim and Zoar (Johnson) The excuse Lot used was he was afraid the disaster would over take him and he die. (Bible with Apocrypha 15) The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was held off until Lot arrived at Zoar, the other two cities were destroyed as well. Of the five cities of the plains(Johnson) the only one left after they destruction was Zoar. (Bible with Apocrypha 16 Genesis 19:23) That was due to Lots asking if he could go there. Lots wife was so reluctant to leave Sodom she did not heed the Angels warning. She looked back upon Sodom and Gomorrah and was turned into a pillar of salt. The pillar of salt said to be Lots wife still to this day stands at Mount Sodom that occurred some 4000 years ago. (pbase.com) Most of the sources we have found will associate the downfall of Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah and Zeboiim with homosexuality. Everything2.com states the Bible can be interpreted to say that homosexuality is unnatural, against God and requires severe judgment. Sodo m and Gomorrah have been an inspiration to writers, psychologist and artist for their legendary human wickedness; History of Lot and Abraham, a medieval play , Sodome et Gomorrhe a French drama by Jean Giraudoux, and Sodhome Kye Ghomorra, by Nikos Kazantzakis a Greek writer; theseShow MoreRelatedA Biblical Look At Marriage Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesbut he roundly condemns divorce†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Again, this is not true. Jesus condemns it by implication in Matthew 10.15 when he says, â€Å"Verily I say unto you, It shall be more tolerable for the land of Sodom and Gomorrah in the Day of Judgment, than for that city.† This verse teaches that the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah were subjected to a horrible judgment as a result of their sexual immorality—something that is very apparent to any student of the Holy Writ. As this article moves from misinterpretation toRead MoreFalse Memory Eyewitness Testimony Essay1590 Words   |  7 PagesMy personal distractor recall in this experiment was a whopping 67%, and I knew ahead of time that I was going to be tricked and tested. A normal distractor is a word presented not related to the original material at all, and in my case I did not pick any normal distractors. I believe it is noteworthy to say that there was no time lapse in my test, and I missed 24% of the original words (Ashcraft amp; Radvansky, 2010). DNA exonerations have shown that eyewitness testimony is not very reliableRead MoreGay Marriage Is The United States2107 Words   |  9 Pagestaught about it in some schools. Having two moms and two dads in the 21st century, is legal in the United States. In biblical times, gay people were shamed upon, and if there were many of them, they would have been destroyed like the city of Sodom and Gomorrah. Many people feel different about the topic of gay marriage, and for years people have been fighting to make same-sex marriage legal. There are many strong viewpoints on gay marriage, and in reality there are two main camps one can reside in:Read MoreForex: Foreign Exchange Market7424 Words   |  30 Pagesexplained later. †¢ A 24-hour market. There is no waiting for the opening bell - from Sunday evening to Friday afternoon EST, the Forex market never sleeps. This is awesome for those who want to trade on a part-time basis, because you can choose when you want to trade--morning, noon or night. †¢ No one can corner the market. The foreign exchange market is so huge and has so many participants that no single entity (not even a central bank) can control the market price for an extended

The French Expression Jarrive

The French expression jarrive means Im on my way to wherever the listener might be (downstairs in the lobby, outside the building, at home, etc). Surprisingly, it can also mean Ill be right back, when youre already with someone and need to leave for a moment. In other words, it can be used whether or not youre actually face to face with the person youre talking to: both Im on my way there and Im on my way (back) here. Expression: JarrivePronunciation: [zha reev]Meaning: Im on my way, Ill be right there / down / out / backLiteral translation: Im arrivingRegister: normal Examples (Au tà ©là ©phone)- Salut Christophe, je suis devant limmeuble.- Daccord Hà ©là ¨ne, jarrive.(On the phone)- Hi Christophe, Im in front of the (your) building.- OK Hà ©là ¨ne, Im on my way, Ill be right out.(A linterphone)- Bonjour, cest le facteur. Jai un colis pour vous.- Merci, Monsieur, jarrive.(On the apartment entry phone)- Hello, its the mailman. I have a package for you.- Thank you, sir, Ill be right there/down.Houp, jai oublià © mon portefeuille - jarrive.Oops, I forgot my wallet - Ill be right back.A classic: you catch the waiters eye as he rushes past your table, and without slowing down, he says jarrive. While less common, its also possible to use other subjects, such asIl arrive - Hell be right here/there, Hes on his way.On arrive - Well be right there, Were on our way.

Risk Management Business

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6213 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Information Systems Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Software Project Management (CI6113) Title: Reviewing the Past Research Papers on Risk Management Abstract Risk Management is nowadays the important research topic in the many critical business areas and industrial areas. Project teams do not achieve their projects goals of reducing cost and gaining much profit without assessing risks and managing risks. This term paper analyzes research papers done by many researches in the field of the Risk Management within 2000 and 2007 and describes the results of the analysis of those research papers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Management Business | Information Systems Dissertations" essay for you Create order Our goal of this paper is to inference and to justify the trend of the Risk management in research areas and business areas. There are many topics in the Risk Management such as Risk Analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Control and others. This paper’s analysis path is starting from the project risk identification and end with the risk control topic. This paper provides the results what the gaps between researches are. Furthermore, this paper learns briefly what the problems and trends before year 2000 are. Introduction This paper examines the results of the past research papers published from 2000 through 2007. We focus on Risk Management and their related topics. In addition, we also examine the trends of the Risk Management within this period. We analyze which topic had been researched most in a particular year and which methods were used in that year. This paper learns publications issued by year by year and group them in each year. In addition, we analyze the topics which are relating to the specified topic. We found trends of the research in a year while we were learning them. According to the past results came from publications, we can make sense of mind for future of the Risk Management. This paper examines the situation which can become in future according to the study. Background Many project managers and strategic management are concerning about risks in long term strategic basic. So, we need to learn the risks. Risk is the uncertainty in the life cycle of the project. In 2003, Webster’s New Explorer College Dictionary defines the risk as â€Å"the possibility of danger and sufferance of harm or injury†. Risk cannot be seen without any emphasize upon it. In addition, risks can also give hopes to the successful project. So, if risks which cannot be seen before could be found and assessed then the proposed project will be successful. But risks found and assessed can never be avoided. It can be reduced by using the some techniques or adjustments. Some risks can be ignored without any executing. Risk may terrify to some persons related to the project because if it could not be uncovered, the team may incompetent in managing the project. According to the problems, risk management was critical issue of the project management. Researchers were do ing researches to reduce and manage the risks which can be encountered in a project. People in the business areas were also finding the ways how to ignore the encountered risks. Some are finding how to control the risks. In addition, they were finding what risks can violate the project management unless they did not control the risks encountered. A risk which encounters in a year is not the same as the problem in another year. Because of the nature of project which depends on the World’s business. As changing the nature of the business, the nature of the risks is becoming change. Furthermore, research area is also changing according to the nature of the risk. So, the research trend for a year may not same as the trend of another year. To learn the research trend turmoil, we need to learn publications issued from 2000 through 2007. The next section will explain the importance of our paper. Situation of the paper There are many researches for the project management. Past research (Timothy Warrren, 2002) had done a research for the whole project management. It covered research published in English from 1960 through 1999. This paper covered within the period of 2000 and 2007 learned the topics of the risk management. We separated the research areas according to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). These are Risk Identification and Assessment, Risk Qualification, Risk Response Development and Risk Control. Objectives of the paper The objective of this paper is to learn the trend of the Risk Management in past research publication. We restricted the period to be learned for each topic. This paper is intended to learn that how the risks emerged during the project time, is handled using which tools and methods. This paper intended to find the gaps between researches in each year and whole period of year 2000 and 2007. The paper learned only risk management out of topics of project management for the period. So, the other topics can be learned like our paper. These are Communication, Cost, Procurement, Human Resource, Outsourcing, Integration, Quality, Scope and Time Management. Literature review In this era, many companies conduct a great portion of their jobs in project form. Traditionally projects were mainly found in the construction industry and sections of the military, but the competitiveness of the markets of today with fast-changing technology encourages almost all companies to adopt project management (Burke 2003). Project management is the application of knowledge, skill, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirement. Project management is accomplished through the use of the processes such as: initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing (PMBOK guide 2000). Because of global economical pressures, turbulence in the corporate environment and market forces leading to the increasing demands and tougher competition projects have to be implemented at lesser time, cost and with better functionalities. This causes growing demands on the management’s ability to forecast and react to unforeseeable events- risks. Risk is an abstract concept whose measurement is very difficult (Raftery, 1994). The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – 5th Edition defines risk as â€Å"The possibility or chance of meeting danger, suffering loss or injury†. The British Standard BS 4778 defines risk as â€Å"A combination of the probability, or frequency, of occurrence of a defined hazard and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence†. Risk may be expressed in a mathematical form as follows: Risk = (Probability of the occurrence of a defined event) x (Consequences of the occurrence of that event) Therefore, risk management is nowadays a critical factor to successful project management. Overview of Risk Management Project risk management is the art and science of identifying, analyzing, and responding to risk throughout the life of a project and in the best interests of meeting project objectives. (Schwalbe, 2006) Risk management has been practiced informally by everyone, with or without conscious of it, since the dawn of time. Modern risk management, which had become a widely accepted management function during the period from 1955-1964 (Snider, 1991) has its roots in insurance to which it has been closely aligned for more than three centuries (Ibid). The story of risk management has not all been positive and supports the argument that it is currently ineffective at managing surprise. In the 1960’s project management was under heavy criticism for project failures due to technical uncertainty, contact strategy, community opposition and project environmental impacts (Morris, 1997). A project manager may still today argue that the last two are external project factors and outside the immediate project environment under their control (Ibid) and it may be often assumed that these will be passed up the line to higher management levels (Chapman Ward, 1997). The main objectives of risk management include (Yee et al., 2001): To enable decision-making to be more systematic and less subjective. To provide an improved understanding of the risks facing a project by identifying risks and response scenarios. To assist in deciding which risks require urgent attention and which can be addressed later. To force management to realize that there are many possible outcomes for a project, and appropriate measures should be planned for any adverse consequences. Flanagan and Norman (1993) proposed a risk management framework as shown in Fig.3.1 which depicts the elements of the risk management system – risk identification, risk classification, risk analysis, risk attitude and risk response. Risk Identification Risk Classification Risk Analysis Risk Response Risk Attitude Figure 2.1 Risk management Framework (Source: Flanagan Norman, 1993) According to (PMBOK, PMI 2000) and (Schwalbe 2006), Project Risk Management has following processes Risk Management Planning Risk Identification Qualitative Risk Analysis Quantitative Risk Analysis Risk Response Planning Risk Monitoring and Control The following Fig.3.2 depicts how risk management processes involved in each of the project management process Initiation Planning Executing Controlling Closing Risk Identification Risk Identification Risk Response Control Risk Quantification Risk Response Development Fig 2.2 Risk Management Processes in each Project Management Process (Source: Dan Brandon, 2006) Risk management will not eradicate all the risks. It will enable decision to be made explicitly which will reduce the potential effect of certain risks. It will also assist in rational, defensible decisions regarding the allocation of risk among the parties to the project. Risk analysis is not a substitute for professional judgments and experience. On the other hand, it helps professionals to make use of the full extent of their experience and knowledge by liberating them from the necessity of making simplifying assumptions in order to produce deterministic plans and forecasts. Risk analysis is supplement to, not a substitute for professional judgments. Recent Approaches to Risk Management Project risk management is a topic of major current interest. It is being actively addressed by many government agencies and most of the professional project management associations around the world, and many relevant standards are extant or being developed. Some examples from the many approaches in use include: (Cooper D., Grey S., Raymond G., Walker P., 2005) †¢ Project Management Institute (PMI), USA (2003), Project Management Body of Knowledge, Chapter 11 on risk management; †¢ Association for Project Management, UK (1997), PRAM Guide; †¢ AS/NZS 4360 (2004), Risk Management, Standards Association of Australia; †¢ IEC 62198 (2001), Project Risk Management—Application Guidelines; †¢ Office of Government Commerce (OGC), UK (2002), Management of Risk; and †¢ Treasury Board of Canada (2001), Integrated Risk Management Framework We fill the research gap in risk management field from year 2000 to 2007. Methodology We conduct a quantitative bibliographic study on pass papers published from year 2000 to 2007. We collected papers and journals from electronic databases– ACM, IEEE and ProQuest. Our objective of this paper is to find the current research trend on Risk Management by analyzing and categorizing those research papers. Project Risk Management Research It is the process of finding what current researchers are emphasizing in. It includes defining the current works on project management, particularly on Risk Management articles and papers. Then make generalized conclusion based on collected and analyzed works. This conclusion or judgment is made based on project risk management processes– risk management planning, risk identification, qualitative risk analysis, quantitative risk analysis, risk response planning, risk monitoring and control (PMBOK 2000, Schwalbe 2006). Sources of data We collected articles and papers published in years 2000 to 2007 from these databases which are known to be rich information about project management. ACM Digital Library ACM digital library includes magazines, journals, transactions, publications by affiliated Organizations, SIG news letters, Conference Proceeding Series. ACM digital library provides service for individual, universities, libraries and corporations. We find that risk management is one of the research fields in many businesses and industries. ACM includes diversity of business and industrial processes which enables us to inference the future trend in different fields. IEEE Explore To support our conclusion and get strong analytical results, we also collect articles and papers from IEEE explore which has more technical articles and papers than ACM digital library. It includes 1,682,970 online documents to be referenced. ProQuest Another supporting database which we extracted articles and papers is ProQuest. That includes ABI/INFORM databases, dissertation and theses, etc. Data analysis from that database will be icy on our research cake Data selection from the databases We conduct full text search in above databases using author, title, keywords based on year. Then tasks are separated among us based on years and combined later. Papers and articles are found based on the following criteria: Keywords: Risk Management, Risk Identification, Risk Analysis, Risk Transfer, Risk Control, Risk Response Years: 2000 to 2007 Output format and research data representation Output format will be as the following: Researchers Title Database Risk Category Year Business Category Sub Category Method The papers and articles are attached in the appendix B. We classified each paper into specific risk management processes (PMBOK 2000, Schwalbe 2006). We also analyzed which business category that each paper falls into and which specific method do they use in conducting the specified risk management Process. To get the consistent taxonomy in risk management, we identified the papers and articles into the categories guided by (PMBOK 2000, Schwalbe 2006). They are: Risk Management Planning: This is how businesses and industries plan and handle for risk. Risk Identification: This is how businesses and industries emphasize on identification of risk throughout their organizational processes. Risk Analysis: This involves how organizations conduct quantitative and qualitative risk analysis based on sampling and probability/impact matrixes. Risk Response Planning: This shows how organizations develop risk response strategies like how to avoid, how to have tolerance, how to mitigate risk, how to transfer risk etc. Risk Monitoring and Control: This involves how organizations monitor the identified risks, new risks through out the execution of the projects. Business and industrial categories are identified as follow: Construction Education Finance Healthcare Insurance Information Technology Disaster E-commerce E-banking Internet Business Information Security Software development Maritime Marketing Organizational Process Pure General Research Terrorism We also found that information technology risk management plays a great role in modern businesses and industries because of wider usage of internet and web technologies. Our analyzed data will be represented in pie chart, bar chart and line chart by comparing different categories, different risk manage processes, different years etc. Data Collection and Analysis Data Collection We used digital databases web site – ACM, IEEE and ProQuest for scholar paper and articles and the existing search engines – google and yahoo. But we are not unable to get some papers from the search engines. So, we used these to get only information which papers are located in which databases. Using information returned from the search engines, we search the desired papers in the databases. The following chart, Fig 1 shows the state of the materials found in the three sources – ACM, IEEE and ProQuest. Figure 1 Distribution of papers There are 113 papers found in those databases. We summarized the papers found in the three sources. We categorized by the papers by using PMBOK guide. We provided the Risk Analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Control, Risk Response and Risk Identification. The following diagrams show the results. We learned that ACM database has more papers related to the risk management as in Fig 2. Other two databases have papers. But some pa pers are general for risk management. So, we discarded the papers and then we collected the more specified papers which are related to the above titles. We prepared the results with some charts as shown in below figures. Figure 2 Research papers found in ACM database by category Figure 3 Research papers found in IEEE database by category Figure 4 Research papers found in ProQuest database by category The above figures, Fig 2, Fig 3, Fig 4 show that the papers found in the ACM, IEEE, ProQuest database are shown by categories. Risk analysis is mostly conducted by majority of researchers. It was conducted mostly in year 2005 and 2006. Risk assessment and risk response research areas are fewer than other risk management process areas. Research for risk response is very rare, not fairly distributed and found in certain year. Data Analysis The trends of the risk analysis for the year 2000-2007 are shown in graph, Fig 5. We learned that IT project management was highest in recent 7 years. Figure 5 Trends in different business and industries within year 2000-2007 Information Technology We learned that there are varieties of IT projects. We categorized it as follow. Software Development E-Banking Disaster Information Security E-Commerce Internet Business When we categorized these topics, we found that some fields are ambiguous to group them. Some fields are software performance testing and fields emerged after the development phase. We grouped these fields were in the Software Development part. We grouped Networking security and other Internet security fields into the Information Security part. We formed a group for the Internet Banking as a E-Banking. In the Disaster group, we put the some disasters in the Disaster parts. These disasters sometime can be seen when processing some tasks in IT such as software error, hardware crash, and wrong information usages. We collected the potential security risks and group them into the Information Security group. Internet Business can be confused with E-Commerce and E-Banking. We intended the Internet Business to group the fields of the some businesses which are using Internet and make transactions via internet such as Online Registration. We found that Software Development risk analysi s is most famous. In 2006, Software Development trend is the more than year 2005 and 2007. But year 2007 is not ended. So we can’t make any decision for that year. Figure 6 Risk management processes in different information technology fields Internet Business is the second thing to be learned. But Information security is down in 2006. Internet Business is coming up. Construction Construction group has the fields of which are architectural fields and construction works. We learned that in 2000 and 2001, there are some interests upon that field. In 2001, the construction field can be seen as a hottest field. Education We grouped the some fields in to Education group that fields are Education fields, learning methods in Education. The research related with the Education can be seen in the year 2004 only. Finance Finance group is wide. We formed the Finance group for some fields that are Cost Estimation, Accounting, Management Accounting and Banking. The finance is most famous in 2004. In the subsequence year, trend for the finance is running down to bottom. Healthcare We collected the data for the healthcare. But it is difficult to collect for the healthcare. We learned that in 2005, healthcare was appropriate level. But later, we cannot see it until 2007. Marketing In 2002 and 2005, marketing was in regular level. In 2003 and 2006, it was high up to 2. So, we learned that marketing was the regular level. Organization In the organization group, we combine the Oil Field, NASA, and some other organization-oriented fields. There are some researches for the organization in every year. There are some researches in the organization group within 2002 and 2006. Terrorism Terrorism was the new emerging fields after 9/11 problem. But later, we were not available for that field later years. This group is an exception for the risk management. But it is one thing to be considered later. Maritime Maritime was the individual fields. We did not combine any fields to that group. This category can be seen in only 2001. Insurance Insurance is the same as the Maritime. We learned that that group is only one field. We learned that the field was in the 2004 and 2005. But Insurance can become an interesting topic in future. General In General group, we combine other fields such as some theory approves and lecture views. Before conclusion section, we intended to present the findings as summary of data collection and analysis. Risk management is the sub-set of Project management. In academic field, risk management researches are becoming increasingly. According to our analysis, risk management researches related to Information Technology are highest topic of the research filed. But one of our exceptional cases is that we need to learn many research papers from many databases. We studied only three databases and 113 research papers. If we learned more papers, we can get more perfect result. In this paper, we categorized only 11 fields. It is general for the risk management. To get the better result, we also need to categorize the exact fields out of many fields. We can also categorize the risk management fields more according to the PMBOK guide. Conclusion and recommendation Business organization and industries suffer from lost and harm because of poor handling in risk management. They have been enduring the agonizing outcomes of failure in the form of unusual delays in project completion, with cost surpassing the budgeted cost and sometimes failed to meet quality standards and functional requirements. Competition among rivals makes the companies to deliver projects in less time and cost with better functionality. Risk management is a predefined and structured approach for identifying and analyzing potential risks associated with a project so that effective risk treatment can be done at the lowest cost. It is not impossible to eliminate all risk and costly to overdo risk management, but it is also unwise to think of eliminating risk. There will be, sometimes, positive risks those will lead to profit if properly analyzed and identified. Our term paper provides an analysis on papers and articles and conduct bibliographic study by particular risk ma nagement process and business category. Risk management researches are mostly done in mission critical environments and risky projects. As internet booms, information security and e-business issues are associated with a lot of risks. We found that majority of research papers are related to information technology in last decade. Risk in credit portfolio management, supply chain, pricing and insurance fields are also researched as they are related to financial lost and harm. Though risk management can offer significant benefits to a project in order to reduce nasty surprises and identify and act upon opportunities, it is, however, not a ‘panacea’ for the problems and surprises which befall many projects and should not be seen as the ‘silver bullet of project management’ (Pavyer, 2004) as Murphy’s Law is the governing law of project management: if something can go wrong, will go wrong. As we collected from three databases, mainly from ACM, our res ult can be a little affected by other finding and papers. Results will be slightly different as we go though several databases. Even thought we titled to 2007, we believe that other findings and papers will come out during this year. But based on our analysis, some inferences and emerging trends can be seen. Recommendations As people and management are aware of the importance of risk management processes, it would be more affective and appropriate to put more emphasis on formal and or informal education and training to further enhance their awareness of risk management. Formal education could be graduate studies in financial project management, software project management and construction project management etc. Informal education and training could be in the form of career development programs or workshops within organization or organized by academic institutions or professional seminars. Each organization should have own risk management plan, risk response plan, and human risk factors plan. Risk management team should be formed according to project manager’s guidelines and organizational goals. Project manager must aware of current risk management trends and technological trends for long term strategic planning. Researchers on risk management should cooperate and conduct on research areas which have been done less like autonomous agent systems, spacecraft systems, information security management. Appendix A. Reference Burke, R. (2003). â€Å"Product Management.† Biddles Ltd, Guildford. Brandon, D. (2006) â€Å"Project Management for Modern Information Systems† IRM Press Cooper D., Grey S., Raymond G., Walker P., (2005) Managing Risk in Large Projects and Complex Procurements. Chapman, R. J., and Ward, S. (1997). â€Å"Project Risk Management Processes, Techniques and Insights† John Wiley Sons, Chichester, UK. Flanagan, R., and Norman, G. (1993). Risk Management and Construction, Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Pavyer, E. (2004). â€Å"Evaluating Project Risk.† Strategic Risk Management, Auguest 2004, 24-25 Project management institute (2000). â€Å"A Gide to Project Management Body of Knowledge† Project management institute, 6 Raftery, J. (1994). Risk Analysis in Project Management, E FN SPON, London, UK. Snider, H. W. (1991). â€Å"Risk Management: A Retrospective View.† Risk Management April, 47-54 Schwalbe, K. (2006). â€Å"Inform ation Technology Project Management.† Thomson Course Technology, 425 Yee, C. W., Chan, P., and Hu, G. (2001). Construction Insurance and Risk Management- A Practical Guide for Construction Professionals, The Singapore Contractors Association Ltd., Singapore. Appendix B. List of papers Researchers Title Database Risk Category Year Business Category Sub Category Steven L. Cornford, Martin S. Feather,John C. Kelly, Timothy W. Larson, Burton Sigal,James D. Kiper Design and Development Assessment ACM Risk Assessment 2000 IT Mary Sumner Enterprise Wide Information Management Systems Projects ACM Risk Identification 2000 IT Norman Fenton Martin Nell Software Metrics: Roadmap ACM Risk Assessment 2000 IT Osamu Mizuno, Tohru Kikuno,Yasunari Takagi, Keishi Sakamoto Characterization of Risky Projects based on Project Managers’ Evaluation ACM Risk Identification 2000 IT Jahyun Goo,Rajiv Kishore, H.Raghav Rao A CONTENT-ANALYTIC LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE DRIVERS FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS OUTSOURCING ACM Risk Response 2000 IT Paul Glasserman,Philip Heidelberger VARIANCE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR VALUE-AT-RISK WITH HEAVY-TAILED RISK FACTORS ACM Risk Analysis 2000 Finance Mukul Gupta,Alok R. Chaturvedi,Shailendra Mehta, Lorenzo Valeri THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT ISSUES FOR ONLINE FINANCIAL SERVICES ACM Risk Response 2000 Finance Banking Dennis M Thompson. Transferability of knowledge-based cost engineering skills and techniques PROQUEST Risk Assessment 2000 General Allan D Chasey, Ann M Schexnayder. Constructability: The key to reducing investment risk PROQUEST Risk Assessment 2000 Construction Lorenzo Valeri, Ellen McDermott, Dan Geer Information Security is Information Risk Management ACM Risk Analysis 2001 IT STEVE GODDARD, SHERRI K. HARMS, STEPHEN E. REICHENBACH, TSEGAYE TADESSE, AND WILLIAM J. WALTMAN GEOSPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR DROUGHT RISK MANAGEMENT ACM 2002 IT Disaster William Lewis, Jr., Richard T. Watson, and Ann Pickren An Empirical Assessment of IT Disaster Risk ACM Risk Assessment 2003 IT Disaster Merrick, van Dorp, Mazzuchi, and Harrald MODELING RISK IN THE DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT OF MARITIME TRANSPORTATION ACM Risk Analysis 2001 Maritime Brenda McCabe, Donald Ford USING BELIEF NETWORKS TO ASSESS RISK ACM Risk Analysis 2001 construction Deepak Bajaj. Corporate risk assessment in the construction industry: An Australian perspective PROQUEST Risk Assessment 2001 Construction Talal Abi-Karam Manageing risk in design-build PROQUEST Risk Analysis 2001 Construction Deepak Bajaj. Risk response and contingency strategies among contractors in Sydney, Australia PROQUEST Risk Analysis 2001 Construction Huaiqing Wang, John Mylopoulos, and Stephen Liao INTELLIGENT AGENTS and Financial Risk Monitoring Systems ACM Risk Monitor 2002 Finance Jeremy Staum SIMULATION IN FINANCIAL ENGINEERING ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Finance Mehdi Aboulfadl,Ritesh Pradhan A SPOT PRICING FRAMEWORK TO ENABLE PRICING AND RISK MANAGEMENT OF INTER-DOMAIN ASSURED BANDWIDTH SERVICES ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Finance Eduardo Saliby, Flavio Pacheco AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF SAMPLING METHODS IN RISK ANALYSIS SIMULATION: QUASI-MONTE CARLO, DESCRIPTIVE SAMPLING, AND LATIN HYPERCUBE SAMPLING ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Finance Syed A. Saleem Ethical Hacking as a risk management technique ACM Risk Analysis 2006 IT Disaster Ioannis V. Koskosas,Ray J. Paul The Interrelationship and Effect of Culture and Risk Communication in Setting Internet Banking Security Goals ACM Risk Assessment 2004 IT E-Banking Mitsuaki Nakasumi, Faculty of Economics Credit Risk Management System on e-Commerce: Case Based Reasoning approach ACM 2003 IT E-Commernce Masamitsu Moriyama, Kentaro Takemoto, Takio Shimosakon Risk Management for Electronic Commerce between Japan and China ACM Risk Control 2004 IT E-Commernce Yanping WANG,Feng ZHAO Electronic Commerce Project Character and Risk Factor Analyses ACM Risk Identification 2005 IT E-Commernce KESHNEE PADAYACHEE An Interpretive Study of Software Risk Management Perspectives ACM Risk Analysis 2002 IT Peggy Fung, Lam-for Kwok, Dennis Longley Electronic Information Security Documentation ACM Risk Assessment 2002 IT Information Security Peggy Fung, Lam-for Kwok, Dennis Longley Electronic Information Security Documentation ACM Risk Analysis 2002 IT Information Security Athanassios N. Avramidis IMPORTANCE SAMPLING FOR MULTIMODAL FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATION TO PRICING EXOTIC OPTIONS ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Marketing Carlos Magno C. Jacinto DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION FOR THE RISK OF DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL FIELD ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Organization Oil Field Alan Weatherall, Frank Hailstones Risk Identification and Analysis using a Group Support System (GSS). IEEE Risk Identification 2002 Organization Alan Weatherall, Frank Hailstones Risk Identification and Analysis using a Group Support System (GSS). IEEE Risk Analysis 2002 Organization Mick Bauer Practical Threat Analysis and Risk Management ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Paul Glasserman,Jingyi Li IMPORTANCE SAMPLING FOR A MIXED POISSON MODEL OF PORTFOLIO CREDIT RISK ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance Zhi Huang,Perwez Shahabuddin RARE-EVENT, HEAVY-TAILED SIMULATIONS USING HAZARD FUNCTION TRANSFORMATIONS, WITH APPLICATIONS TO VALUE-AT-RISK ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance Jeremy Staum, Samuel Ehrlichman, Vadim Lesnevski WORK REDUCTION IN FINANCIAL SIMULATIONS ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance William J. Morokoff SIMULATION METHODS FOR RISK ANALYSIS OF COLLATERALIZED DEBT OBLIGATIONS ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance Michele Amico,Zbigniew J. Pasek, Farshid Asl, Giovanni Perrone A NEW METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE THE REAL OPTIONS OF AN INVESTMENT USING BINOMIAL TREES AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance John M. Mulvey,Hafize G. 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The Argument for the Existence of God Essay - 1159 Words

The Argument for the Existence of God It is an undisputed fact that some people claim to have experienced God. It is these religious experiences that have been used by philosophers to argue for the existence of God. The main way of expressing the argument from religious experience is as follows: P1 Someone experiences an entity C1 The entity exists P2 Someone has experienced God C2 God exists Those who champion the argument seek to differentiate ordinary experiences and religious experiences. The supporters of this argument argue that there are several key differences between the two types of experience: that religious experiences are completely different from what is normal†¦show more content†¦The idea expressed here is that religious believers will become explicitly convinced that they are in Gods presence when a religious experience occurs. In order to stress that the experience was truly experienced and not simply a conclusion of a series of inferences (caused by consideration of a set of hypotheses), experiences are described through the undeniable, self-authenticating interaction of the five senses. For example, when you see a football heading straight towards you and subsequently colliding with your head, you not only see the football coming towards you but also feel the football when it hits your head. Through the interaction of the two senses of sight and touch it would seem illogical to deny the existence of the football and, indeed, the event itself. An analogy to this effect is often cited because the direct experience that comes from a spiritual sense and that not to believe in Gods presence after this experience would seem absurd. The point of the example of experiencing God something like the way that you would experience people is not the idea of how we experience each others bodies but how we experience each others being. This is further clarified by the suggestion that we also experience other peoples minds,Show MoreRelatedThe Argument On The Existence Of God1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of God has been a part of man’s history for centuries. Since time began there has been various combination of believers, and non-believers. Individuals who believes in God, belong to many different religion. Whereas, skeptics find the existence of God somewhat baffling, and have continually sought answers to His existence through scientific methods. As the world progresses in scientific, and technological advancement, the human race still faces the question of God’s existence. Many philosophersRead MoreThe Arguments For The Existence Of God1056 Words   |  5 Pages16 November 2015 Rough Draft for The arguments for the Existence of God. The question Does God Exist? is a well-known asked question in the world. Most people believe they know the answer to it. The religious people would say, well of course he does, while the non-religious people or atheist would say no He does not exist. Because evil exist and chaos exists, God cannot be all-powerful. In the modern world, there are many different opinions as to whether a God exists or not. This has been an issueRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1674 Words   |  7 Pagesfind the three arguments I analyzed satisfactory for the existence of God. The existence of God simply cannot be proven. Regardless of how strong a person’s faith is, or how many miracles they claim to have witnessed, God can only ever be a possibility. First, I will discuss why Pascal’s wager is not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. I will then examine C.D. Broad’s â€Å"Argument for the Existence of God†, and why it is also not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. Finally, IRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God974 Words   |  4 PagesArguments for the existence of God through critical thinking and rationalization are called ontological, cosmological, teleological, or pragmeatic arguments. The most widely known of such arguments is that of St. Anselm from Proslogium of St. Anselm, which states that God is considered a perfect being unlike humans or any other world subject. The fact that he is perfect in a world of imperfection proves his existence. God is also the highest conceivable idea of perfection, and thereforeRead MoreThe Existence Of God : An Argument881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Existence of God The philosophical arguments presented in this document are not of religious text, nor scientific observation or established fact. Rather the premise of this God proof is bring together and share the various theories on which other God proofs have established foundations. I have heard it quoted that â€Å"Philosophy goes where hard science can t, or won t. Philosophers have a license to.† Therefore, with this in mind, I attest that it is more than problematic to construct anRead MoreArguments on the Existence of God602 Words   |  2 PagesGod’s existence may actually depend upon our belief in his existence but it is more plausible to believe that God exists using the different types of arguments such as the cosmological argument and ontological argument, Leibniz and the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the Problem of Evil, and the definition of basic belief as evidence. The Cosmological argument can be simplified into three reasons that everything that begins to exist has a cause; the universe began to exist, therefore the universeRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God1137 Words   |  5 PagesArguments for the existence of God come in many different forms; some draw on history, some on science, some on personal experience, and some on philosophy. Descartes offered two arguments towards the existence of God: an informal proof in the third meditation and the ontological proof in the fifth meditation. Descartes believed that with the employment of a rational method of inquiry which applied some of the methods of analytic geometry to the study of philosophy, our ability to attain certaintyRead MoreThe Argument Of The Existence Of God1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe arguments trying to â€Å"prove† the existence of God are by far some of the most controversial philosophical arguments out there. When some of the people who created these philo sophies it was illegal or even punishable by death to even question his existence, let alone try to come up with a logical explanation to â€Å"prove† he is real. The two main arguments used today are the ontological argument and the cosmological argument. Neither one of these arguments are correct nor incorrect; moreover, theRead MoreThe Arguments For The Existence Of God940 Words   |  4 Pagesp. 209, question# 1 Among the numerous arguments for the existence of God, the argument of design stands as the most persuasive in terms of providing a logical basis for the absolute presence of God. This argument is concerned with the intricate nature of creation and existence: one must believe that there is a Supreme Being that designed the characteristics and features of every existing thing in the entire universe, both living and non-living. The precise and complicated design of the universeRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1411 Words   |  6 PagesMy paper scrutinizes numerous logical disputes for and alongside the presence of God. I shall argue that there’s no adequate evidence or inclusive arguments for the existence of God. It is grounded on the views of certain great philosophers and scientists of all of mankind. Generally speaking for myself, I would correspond to have faith that there is â€Å"God†. Regrettably, it’s awfully well-defined that the being built up on insightful faith is no longer a suitable custom to shadow. During the course

Industrial Revolution and Agricultural Revolution Free Essays

The Industrial revolution began in the early 1800s. The industrial revolution could not have happened if the agricultural revolution had not preceded it. During the Agricultural Revolution several inventions that reduced the need for man power were invented. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Revolution and Agricultural Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two of those inventions were the Jethro Tull seeding drill and the cotton gin. The seeding drill planted seeds in rows which made the crops easier to manage and harvest. The cotton gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, it took the seeds out of the cotton. The cotton gin made it so that the work that previously needed to be done y fifty men could now be done by one. An idea of the agricultural revolution was crop rotation. Crop rotation was switching the crops into different fields each year which allowed farmers to produce 25 % more crops and more During the agricultural revolution population went up and less people were needed to work on the farms. There were a lot of people that needed jobs but there were not a lot of jobs for people on farms so the people turned to the cities. The time when people went into the cities looking for jobs which caused the populations of the cities to at east double was called urbanization. During urbanization the city of Manchester in the United kingdom grew from 50,000 people to 500,00 people, this rapid increase of population took place during an extremely short period of time. The United Kingdom became the place where the industrial revolution was born. It happened here because the UK had land, labor, and wealth. Factories arose first in Since there were factories everywhere, there were plenty of jobs for the people. Even though the factories did provide jobs for the people they were not good jobs. People started working as young as the age of six. The average work day was 14-16 hours, and that†s a lot of working hours, especially for a young child. Inside the factories the conditions were absolutely dreadful. The air was full of dust and other things that made it practically unbreathable, the machines were dangerous and often took a persons limbs or injured them in other ways. Because the work days were so long and the workers were practically on their feet the entire day people became deformed and had problems with their legs. Despite all the hard labor and dangers of the work place the workers were still paid next to nothing. Eventually working conditions did improve. One of the things that helped improve conditions were unions. Unions were when all of the workers got together to get things that they wanted, they mainly used collective bargaining to get what they wanted. Another thing that helped improve working conditions were legislative reforms. Legislative reforms helped improve working conditions because they regulated and limited several things such as how old you had to be before you could work, how many ours you could work, and how much you got paid. The government also made sure that the factories were safe for people to be working in so that people did not get hurt by the machines so often. Another thing that changed during the Industrial Revolution was public education. Horace Mann made public education free. It is important that we have free public education because we live in a democratic society and people have to be educated to make wise There were also some more positive effects of all these factories. People began to dress better than they had efore and they owned more possessions because the machines were able to make things that they wanted in larger quantities much faster than if they were hand made. People also had money to purchase things that they Laissez Faire translates to â€Å"let do. † The economy called laissez fair had no governmental controls over the economy. In Laissez Faire free trade was allowed which made for a strong natural economy. Adam Smith was a Laissez Faire economist he wrote â€Å"Wealth of Nations,† and his ideas became the basis for capitalism. Capitalism was an economic system in which oney was invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit. The Laissez Faire economists believed that government controls would ruin the economy. Socialism was the economic system in which the means of production are owned by the public to benefit all equality. Karl Marx was a radical socialist that wrote â€Å"The communist Manifest. † He believed that owners were the â€Å"haves† because they had the money and that the workers were the â€Å"have nots† because they did not have much money. Marx saw this as unfair. He saw history as a class warfare and an overflow of the working class. How to cite Industrial Revolution and Agricultural Revolution, Papers

Crackling Day by Peter Abrahams and The Old Chief Mshlanga by Doris Lessing Essay Example For Students

Crackling Day by Peter Abrahams and The Old Chief Mshlanga by Doris Lessing Essay Crackling Day by Peter Abrahams and The Old Chief Mshlanga by Doris Lessing are both stories that deal with the discrimination of the black race in South Africa. These stories present a viewpoint of life during the apartheid period in which the black race was treated as inferior because of the color of their skin. In Crackling Day, a young black boy in South Africa challenges three white youths and, in so doing, challenges the political system of the whole country. In The Old Chief Mshlanga, a girl name Nkosikaas Jordan learns to see things through the eyes of the native inhabitants of South Africa and, in doing so, bring about a change in her character. In these stories the main characters confront internal and external conflicts about racism, human rights, and hopelessness. In both stories, the characters deal with an issue of racism in which one character faces it and the other causes it. In Crackling Day, the narrator, a young black boy, is faced with hatred violence because of his ethic background. When the narrator went to the store to buy crackling for his mother, the storeowner made him beg and say, Baas because he was black. The narrator deals with both internal and external conflicts because he experiences the hatred of the outside world and the inside struggles of being black in a white mans world. In The Old Chief Mshlanga, Nkosikaas Jordan is a spoiled white girl who spends her time being cruel and allowing her dogs to terrorize the native. Nkosikaas is blind to the things around her and this causes her to act in a dreadful manner. She later on discovers some truth about the land and its people when she meets Chief Mshlanga. This experience causes her internal conflicts in which she struggles to change and understand those around her from their point of view. In both stories, the characters are faced with different racial situations, but they both deal with an internal conflict, which they are forced to view the other person viewpoint. Another key issue is the ability to stand up for what one believes in. The narrator of Crackling Day demonstrates this theme by first standing up against the three white boys and then for the memories of his father. When faced with the racial discrimination, the narrator fights as a means to speak out against the white boys and to illustrate that his father is just as good as any other man, white or black. But this fight also brings about the narrators downfall in which he is discriminated against and beaten and by his own uncle for standing up for his right. The narrator is faced with both internal and external conflicts because the events that took place were beaus of physical and mentally hatred. Nkosikaas Jordan also learns to stand up for what she believes in by first developing an awareness and sensitivity to the natives of South Africa. She learns to make her own judgment and to observe her role in life by standing outside of it, watching all the beauty of the land. In this situation Nkosikaas deals with an internal conflict where she tries to find out how she can belong in this part of the world. Hopelessness is also an issue that appears in both stories more than once. In Crackling Day, the narrator feels a sense of hopelessness when he was attacked by all three boys and when he was forced to look down at the store. .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .postImageUrl , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:hover , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:visited , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:active { border:0!important; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:active , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What was Chaucers view on Medieval Christianity EssayHe was humiliated and he felt worthless because of how he was treated by the storeowner. The narrator deals with an internal conflict in which he felt ashamed of his ethic background and the person he is. Nkosikaas Jordan also deals with the same problem when she gets lost on the way to Chief Mshlangas village. Nkosikaas becomes confused and frightened because of the fact that she didnt have the support of a gun or her dogs. She also felt as if she didnt belong to the land and that old evil of the land way after her. At this point, Nkosikaas deals with an internal conflict were she is ensured of who she is and where she belongs. Nkosikaas becomes overwhelmed by her surrounds and on her way home from the village, she started to believe that she was a destroyer. She felt empty hearted and believed that she was a victim because she didnt belong to the natives world or to her own kind. In conclusion, although the narrator of Crackling Day and Nkosikaas where presented with different situations, they both where affected by racism, human rights, and a sense of hopelessness. The apartheid period in which both stories were based, did not just affect the black race, but it also affected the youth of the white. This cause the youths to feel separated from the rest of the world around them and to question their place in it. Even though the two characters were emotional impact by the challenges of being a different race, the narrator of Cracking Day, suffered the most. The narrator was physical and emotionally degraded and he still has to deal with it everyday of his life, while Nkosikaas can return to her superior position as a white person.

Maintenance - and Capital Improvements Businesses

Question: Discuss about the Maintenance, and Capital Improvements for Businesses. Answer: Introduction: According to the Australian tax laws, section 6.5, the assessable income of an Australian resident is considered to include concepts that are ordinary and the income will, therefore, be known as ordinary income. Ordinary income will be treated differently depending on the type of residency of the citizen. The ordinary income of an Australian resident will be said to be assessable if it includes all the sources that accrue income to the resident if it is either indirectly of directly. The income will be assessed irrespective of whether it was gained in the country or outside Australia in the year of income (Wolters, 2016 p1). If the person being assessed for tax purposes is a non-resident, the income that will be assessed for tax purposes will be the income that is derived indirectly or directly from their sources in Australia in the year of income. In this case, a non-resident person is a person who leaves in Australia but does not have an Australian citizenship. They include investors and people who may have relocated to the country after some time, and they have not yet gained the full citizenship of the country. The other income that will be treated as ordinary income will be the income that will be said to be derived from the citizen if the amounts accrued were transacted on behalf of the resident and the income is directly attributable to the resident person. In the case of Peta, he purchased the house in Kew. It is not clear if Peta was a resident or non-resident in the country. The reason for the purchase of the property was for him to live with his family and to build a different unit on the tennis court. The selling of the additional units would be treated as ordinary income for tax purposes irrespective of whether Peta is a resident or nonresident. The only difference will be in the tax rates that will be applied in the calculation of the tax. After Peta had been offered the opportunity to sell the tennis courts, he was able to change his mind on building additional units for sale. The condition for the tennis club purchasing the tennis court was if the current court was restored to a good condition. The cost incurred for restoring the court into a good condition will be considered as repairs and maintenance in preparing the income of Peta. That means that the costs will be reduced from the income that will be received after the sale. Repairs and maintenance are usually tax deductible because they are treated as capital expenses for purposes of tax. The fact that Peta accepted the offer to sell the tennis court after repairing it means that he has to record all the expenses that are incurred in the maintenance process (William, 2016, p1). The amount that was spent by Peta was 100,000 dollars. However, the amount has to be broken down because there are some activities that are not considered as capital expenditures in the calculation of tax. One of the activities that will not be deductible will be the cost that was incurred for fencing. This is because the items that are deductible are those that are aimed at restoring the good condition of a place, and fencing will not be considered as one of them. When calculating the capital gains tax of Peta, the receipt of the 600,000 dollars should be treated as ordinary income. This is because the income was derived directly from an Australian source. That means that the classification of the income will not matter whether the income was from a resident or non-resident person (Efile.com, p1). According to the Australian tax office, the fringe benefit is considered to be the payment that an employee is entitled but is different from their wages and salaries. The benefit is usually provided on the employment contract of the employee. For tax purposes, an employee will be defined as a person who has an entitlement to receiving salaries and benefits from a person or organization (Commonwealth consolidated acts, 2016, p1). The fringe benefit will be provided in a case where the employer allows the employee to use the car provided by the organization for private purposes. It also applies when employees are entitled to loans at a lower rate. It also includes memberships to clubs and reimbursement for expenses incurred by employees such as airtime and school fees. Benefit Amount School fees 20,000 Handset 2,000 Tax liability 22,000 (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). The tax liability for ABC Company will be equal to 22,000 dollars for the financial year ending 31st March 2016. The company will not be liable for FBT on the mobile phone bill because the airtime by Alan is used for work purposes only. That means that the expenses will be treated as a normal operations cost to the company. The fees for Alans children will be treated as a fringe benefit because it is an expense that is not incurred in the course of the business of the company but the employees are given a privileged for been works of the company. The full amount of 20,000 dollars should be subjected to the calculation of the FBT of the company. The cost for the mobile phone that is provided by the company should be treated as a fringe benefit. This is because it has not been indicated if the phone is used purely for work purposes or Alan also goes with it at home. The calculations have assumed that an employee does not leave behind the phone at work, but the airtime that is used for personal use is purchased by the employee (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). For the amount incurred by the company in the restaurant will be treated differently based on the frequency of the dinners. If the dinner is treated as a normal company operation, then the expense will be treated as a fringe benefit for the employees. This is because it will be treated as a normal expense for the company because it will be assumed that the employees are assured of the services from the company on a regular basis. If the expense was incurred as a one off thing, then it will be treated as an employee expense for the company. This will apply if it was a treat that never happens as a routine for the company on the normal operations of the company (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). The application of the costs will be treated in the same way a bonus for employees is treated. If employees are assured of the bonus on an annual basis based on the performance of the company, then the tax is usually taxed. However, if the company just decides to award the employees with t he bonus, it will be treated as company expenses and not chargeable on the employees. If the company had only five employees, then it would be assumed that the company owed the employees an obligation of providing them with meals. This will form part of the employee expenses in the company and would be reduced from the income of the company (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). If clients were available in the dinner for the company, then the cost will be treated as a normal company costs. It will be treated as an expense for the company as an advertising cost. The cost will be categorized as an advertising cost because it will be assumed that the dinner is aimed at appreciating the clients of the company and ensuring that the customers of the company will retain in the next financial year of the company (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). Bibliography Australian Government. Reducing your FBT liability. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/Do-you-need-to-pay-FBT-/Reducing-your-FBT-liability/ Australian Government. What is fringe benefits tax? Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/In-detail/Employers-guide/What-is-FBT-/ Australian Government. How to calculate your FBT. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/How-to-calculate-your-FBT/ Australian Government. Types of fringe benefit. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/types-of-fringe-benefits/ Australian Taxation office. Tax ruling No. IT 2650. Retrieved On 16th September 2016. From https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=ITR/IT2650/NAT/ATO/00001 Australian taxation office. ATO interpretative decision. Retrieved on 26th September 2016. From https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID200723/00001 Commonwealth consolidated acts. Income tax assessment act 1997- sect 6.5. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/s6.5.html Efile.com. How to claim, report tax deductible home expenses. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.efile.com/tax-deduction/income-deduction/home-deductions/ William, C. 2016. Deductions for repairs, maintenance, and capital improvements for businesses. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://thismatter.com/money/tax/business-deductions-repairs-maintenance-capital-improvements.htm Wolters, K. Residency. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/topic/tlp703/document/atagUio694796sl24352044/legislation/residency/section-6-10-other-assessable-income-statutory-income.