Risk Management Business

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6213 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Information Systems Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Software Project Management (CI6113) Title: Reviewing the Past Research Papers on Risk Management Abstract Risk Management is nowadays the important research topic in the many critical business areas and industrial areas. Project teams do not achieve their projects goals of reducing cost and gaining much profit without assessing risks and managing risks. This term paper analyzes research papers done by many researches in the field of the Risk Management within 2000 and 2007 and describes the results of the analysis of those research papers. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Risk Management Business | Information Systems Dissertations" essay for you Create order Our goal of this paper is to inference and to justify the trend of the Risk management in research areas and business areas. There are many topics in the Risk Management such as Risk Analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Control and others. This paper’s analysis path is starting from the project risk identification and end with the risk control topic. This paper provides the results what the gaps between researches are. Furthermore, this paper learns briefly what the problems and trends before year 2000 are. Introduction This paper examines the results of the past research papers published from 2000 through 2007. We focus on Risk Management and their related topics. In addition, we also examine the trends of the Risk Management within this period. We analyze which topic had been researched most in a particular year and which methods were used in that year. This paper learns publications issued by year by year and group them in each year. In addition, we analyze the topics which are relating to the specified topic. We found trends of the research in a year while we were learning them. According to the past results came from publications, we can make sense of mind for future of the Risk Management. This paper examines the situation which can become in future according to the study. Background Many project managers and strategic management are concerning about risks in long term strategic basic. So, we need to learn the risks. Risk is the uncertainty in the life cycle of the project. In 2003, Webster’s New Explorer College Dictionary defines the risk as â€Å"the possibility of danger and sufferance of harm or injury†. Risk cannot be seen without any emphasize upon it. In addition, risks can also give hopes to the successful project. So, if risks which cannot be seen before could be found and assessed then the proposed project will be successful. But risks found and assessed can never be avoided. It can be reduced by using the some techniques or adjustments. Some risks can be ignored without any executing. Risk may terrify to some persons related to the project because if it could not be uncovered, the team may incompetent in managing the project. According to the problems, risk management was critical issue of the project management. Researchers were do ing researches to reduce and manage the risks which can be encountered in a project. People in the business areas were also finding the ways how to ignore the encountered risks. Some are finding how to control the risks. In addition, they were finding what risks can violate the project management unless they did not control the risks encountered. A risk which encounters in a year is not the same as the problem in another year. Because of the nature of project which depends on the World’s business. As changing the nature of the business, the nature of the risks is becoming change. Furthermore, research area is also changing according to the nature of the risk. So, the research trend for a year may not same as the trend of another year. To learn the research trend turmoil, we need to learn publications issued from 2000 through 2007. The next section will explain the importance of our paper. Situation of the paper There are many researches for the project management. Past research (Timothy Warrren, 2002) had done a research for the whole project management. It covered research published in English from 1960 through 1999. This paper covered within the period of 2000 and 2007 learned the topics of the risk management. We separated the research areas according to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). These are Risk Identification and Assessment, Risk Qualification, Risk Response Development and Risk Control. Objectives of the paper The objective of this paper is to learn the trend of the Risk Management in past research publication. We restricted the period to be learned for each topic. This paper is intended to learn that how the risks emerged during the project time, is handled using which tools and methods. This paper intended to find the gaps between researches in each year and whole period of year 2000 and 2007. The paper learned only risk management out of topics of project management for the period. So, the other topics can be learned like our paper. These are Communication, Cost, Procurement, Human Resource, Outsourcing, Integration, Quality, Scope and Time Management. Literature review In this era, many companies conduct a great portion of their jobs in project form. Traditionally projects were mainly found in the construction industry and sections of the military, but the competitiveness of the markets of today with fast-changing technology encourages almost all companies to adopt project management (Burke 2003). Project management is the application of knowledge, skill, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirement. Project management is accomplished through the use of the processes such as: initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing (PMBOK guide 2000). Because of global economical pressures, turbulence in the corporate environment and market forces leading to the increasing demands and tougher competition projects have to be implemented at lesser time, cost and with better functionalities. This causes growing demands on the management’s ability to forecast and react to unforeseeable events- risks. Risk is an abstract concept whose measurement is very difficult (Raftery, 1994). The Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary – 5th Edition defines risk as â€Å"The possibility or chance of meeting danger, suffering loss or injury†. The British Standard BS 4778 defines risk as â€Å"A combination of the probability, or frequency, of occurrence of a defined hazard and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence†. Risk may be expressed in a mathematical form as follows: Risk = (Probability of the occurrence of a defined event) x (Consequences of the occurrence of that event) Therefore, risk management is nowadays a critical factor to successful project management. Overview of Risk Management Project risk management is the art and science of identifying, analyzing, and responding to risk throughout the life of a project and in the best interests of meeting project objectives. (Schwalbe, 2006) Risk management has been practiced informally by everyone, with or without conscious of it, since the dawn of time. Modern risk management, which had become a widely accepted management function during the period from 1955-1964 (Snider, 1991) has its roots in insurance to which it has been closely aligned for more than three centuries (Ibid). The story of risk management has not all been positive and supports the argument that it is currently ineffective at managing surprise. In the 1960’s project management was under heavy criticism for project failures due to technical uncertainty, contact strategy, community opposition and project environmental impacts (Morris, 1997). A project manager may still today argue that the last two are external project factors and outside the immediate project environment under their control (Ibid) and it may be often assumed that these will be passed up the line to higher management levels (Chapman Ward, 1997). The main objectives of risk management include (Yee et al., 2001): To enable decision-making to be more systematic and less subjective. To provide an improved understanding of the risks facing a project by identifying risks and response scenarios. To assist in deciding which risks require urgent attention and which can be addressed later. To force management to realize that there are many possible outcomes for a project, and appropriate measures should be planned for any adverse consequences. Flanagan and Norman (1993) proposed a risk management framework as shown in Fig.3.1 which depicts the elements of the risk management system – risk identification, risk classification, risk analysis, risk attitude and risk response. Risk Identification Risk Classification Risk Analysis Risk Response Risk Attitude Figure 2.1 Risk management Framework (Source: Flanagan Norman, 1993) According to (PMBOK, PMI 2000) and (Schwalbe 2006), Project Risk Management has following processes Risk Management Planning Risk Identification Qualitative Risk Analysis Quantitative Risk Analysis Risk Response Planning Risk Monitoring and Control The following Fig.3.2 depicts how risk management processes involved in each of the project management process Initiation Planning Executing Controlling Closing Risk Identification Risk Identification Risk Response Control Risk Quantification Risk Response Development Fig 2.2 Risk Management Processes in each Project Management Process (Source: Dan Brandon, 2006) Risk management will not eradicate all the risks. It will enable decision to be made explicitly which will reduce the potential effect of certain risks. It will also assist in rational, defensible decisions regarding the allocation of risk among the parties to the project. Risk analysis is not a substitute for professional judgments and experience. On the other hand, it helps professionals to make use of the full extent of their experience and knowledge by liberating them from the necessity of making simplifying assumptions in order to produce deterministic plans and forecasts. Risk analysis is supplement to, not a substitute for professional judgments. Recent Approaches to Risk Management Project risk management is a topic of major current interest. It is being actively addressed by many government agencies and most of the professional project management associations around the world, and many relevant standards are extant or being developed. Some examples from the many approaches in use include: (Cooper D., Grey S., Raymond G., Walker P., 2005) †¢ Project Management Institute (PMI), USA (2003), Project Management Body of Knowledge, Chapter 11 on risk management; †¢ Association for Project Management, UK (1997), PRAM Guide; †¢ AS/NZS 4360 (2004), Risk Management, Standards Association of Australia; †¢ IEC 62198 (2001), Project Risk Management—Application Guidelines; †¢ Office of Government Commerce (OGC), UK (2002), Management of Risk; and †¢ Treasury Board of Canada (2001), Integrated Risk Management Framework We fill the research gap in risk management field from year 2000 to 2007. Methodology We conduct a quantitative bibliographic study on pass papers published from year 2000 to 2007. We collected papers and journals from electronic databases– ACM, IEEE and ProQuest. Our objective of this paper is to find the current research trend on Risk Management by analyzing and categorizing those research papers. Project Risk Management Research It is the process of finding what current researchers are emphasizing in. It includes defining the current works on project management, particularly on Risk Management articles and papers. Then make generalized conclusion based on collected and analyzed works. This conclusion or judgment is made based on project risk management processes– risk management planning, risk identification, qualitative risk analysis, quantitative risk analysis, risk response planning, risk monitoring and control (PMBOK 2000, Schwalbe 2006). Sources of data We collected articles and papers published in years 2000 to 2007 from these databases which are known to be rich information about project management. ACM Digital Library ACM digital library includes magazines, journals, transactions, publications by affiliated Organizations, SIG news letters, Conference Proceeding Series. ACM digital library provides service for individual, universities, libraries and corporations. We find that risk management is one of the research fields in many businesses and industries. ACM includes diversity of business and industrial processes which enables us to inference the future trend in different fields. IEEE Explore To support our conclusion and get strong analytical results, we also collect articles and papers from IEEE explore which has more technical articles and papers than ACM digital library. It includes 1,682,970 online documents to be referenced. ProQuest Another supporting database which we extracted articles and papers is ProQuest. That includes ABI/INFORM databases, dissertation and theses, etc. Data analysis from that database will be icy on our research cake Data selection from the databases We conduct full text search in above databases using author, title, keywords based on year. Then tasks are separated among us based on years and combined later. Papers and articles are found based on the following criteria: Keywords: Risk Management, Risk Identification, Risk Analysis, Risk Transfer, Risk Control, Risk Response Years: 2000 to 2007 Output format and research data representation Output format will be as the following: Researchers Title Database Risk Category Year Business Category Sub Category Method The papers and articles are attached in the appendix B. We classified each paper into specific risk management processes (PMBOK 2000, Schwalbe 2006). We also analyzed which business category that each paper falls into and which specific method do they use in conducting the specified risk management Process. To get the consistent taxonomy in risk management, we identified the papers and articles into the categories guided by (PMBOK 2000, Schwalbe 2006). They are: Risk Management Planning: This is how businesses and industries plan and handle for risk. Risk Identification: This is how businesses and industries emphasize on identification of risk throughout their organizational processes. Risk Analysis: This involves how organizations conduct quantitative and qualitative risk analysis based on sampling and probability/impact matrixes. Risk Response Planning: This shows how organizations develop risk response strategies like how to avoid, how to have tolerance, how to mitigate risk, how to transfer risk etc. Risk Monitoring and Control: This involves how organizations monitor the identified risks, new risks through out the execution of the projects. Business and industrial categories are identified as follow: Construction Education Finance Healthcare Insurance Information Technology Disaster E-commerce E-banking Internet Business Information Security Software development Maritime Marketing Organizational Process Pure General Research Terrorism We also found that information technology risk management plays a great role in modern businesses and industries because of wider usage of internet and web technologies. Our analyzed data will be represented in pie chart, bar chart and line chart by comparing different categories, different risk manage processes, different years etc. Data Collection and Analysis Data Collection We used digital databases web site – ACM, IEEE and ProQuest for scholar paper and articles and the existing search engines – google and yahoo. But we are not unable to get some papers from the search engines. So, we used these to get only information which papers are located in which databases. Using information returned from the search engines, we search the desired papers in the databases. The following chart, Fig 1 shows the state of the materials found in the three sources – ACM, IEEE and ProQuest. Figure 1 Distribution of papers There are 113 papers found in those databases. We summarized the papers found in the three sources. We categorized by the papers by using PMBOK guide. We provided the Risk Analysis, Risk Assessment, Risk Control, Risk Response and Risk Identification. The following diagrams show the results. We learned that ACM database has more papers related to the risk management as in Fig 2. Other two databases have papers. But some pa pers are general for risk management. So, we discarded the papers and then we collected the more specified papers which are related to the above titles. We prepared the results with some charts as shown in below figures. Figure 2 Research papers found in ACM database by category Figure 3 Research papers found in IEEE database by category Figure 4 Research papers found in ProQuest database by category The above figures, Fig 2, Fig 3, Fig 4 show that the papers found in the ACM, IEEE, ProQuest database are shown by categories. Risk analysis is mostly conducted by majority of researchers. It was conducted mostly in year 2005 and 2006. Risk assessment and risk response research areas are fewer than other risk management process areas. Research for risk response is very rare, not fairly distributed and found in certain year. Data Analysis The trends of the risk analysis for the year 2000-2007 are shown in graph, Fig 5. We learned that IT project management was highest in recent 7 years. Figure 5 Trends in different business and industries within year 2000-2007 Information Technology We learned that there are varieties of IT projects. We categorized it as follow. Software Development E-Banking Disaster Information Security E-Commerce Internet Business When we categorized these topics, we found that some fields are ambiguous to group them. Some fields are software performance testing and fields emerged after the development phase. We grouped these fields were in the Software Development part. We grouped Networking security and other Internet security fields into the Information Security part. We formed a group for the Internet Banking as a E-Banking. In the Disaster group, we put the some disasters in the Disaster parts. These disasters sometime can be seen when processing some tasks in IT such as software error, hardware crash, and wrong information usages. We collected the potential security risks and group them into the Information Security group. Internet Business can be confused with E-Commerce and E-Banking. We intended the Internet Business to group the fields of the some businesses which are using Internet and make transactions via internet such as Online Registration. We found that Software Development risk analysi s is most famous. In 2006, Software Development trend is the more than year 2005 and 2007. But year 2007 is not ended. So we can’t make any decision for that year. Figure 6 Risk management processes in different information technology fields Internet Business is the second thing to be learned. But Information security is down in 2006. Internet Business is coming up. Construction Construction group has the fields of which are architectural fields and construction works. We learned that in 2000 and 2001, there are some interests upon that field. In 2001, the construction field can be seen as a hottest field. Education We grouped the some fields in to Education group that fields are Education fields, learning methods in Education. The research related with the Education can be seen in the year 2004 only. Finance Finance group is wide. We formed the Finance group for some fields that are Cost Estimation, Accounting, Management Accounting and Banking. The finance is most famous in 2004. In the subsequence year, trend for the finance is running down to bottom. Healthcare We collected the data for the healthcare. But it is difficult to collect for the healthcare. We learned that in 2005, healthcare was appropriate level. But later, we cannot see it until 2007. Marketing In 2002 and 2005, marketing was in regular level. In 2003 and 2006, it was high up to 2. So, we learned that marketing was the regular level. Organization In the organization group, we combine the Oil Field, NASA, and some other organization-oriented fields. There are some researches for the organization in every year. There are some researches in the organization group within 2002 and 2006. Terrorism Terrorism was the new emerging fields after 9/11 problem. But later, we were not available for that field later years. This group is an exception for the risk management. But it is one thing to be considered later. Maritime Maritime was the individual fields. We did not combine any fields to that group. This category can be seen in only 2001. Insurance Insurance is the same as the Maritime. We learned that that group is only one field. We learned that the field was in the 2004 and 2005. But Insurance can become an interesting topic in future. General In General group, we combine other fields such as some theory approves and lecture views. Before conclusion section, we intended to present the findings as summary of data collection and analysis. Risk management is the sub-set of Project management. In academic field, risk management researches are becoming increasingly. According to our analysis, risk management researches related to Information Technology are highest topic of the research filed. But one of our exceptional cases is that we need to learn many research papers from many databases. We studied only three databases and 113 research papers. If we learned more papers, we can get more perfect result. In this paper, we categorized only 11 fields. It is general for the risk management. To get the better result, we also need to categorize the exact fields out of many fields. We can also categorize the risk management fields more according to the PMBOK guide. Conclusion and recommendation Business organization and industries suffer from lost and harm because of poor handling in risk management. They have been enduring the agonizing outcomes of failure in the form of unusual delays in project completion, with cost surpassing the budgeted cost and sometimes failed to meet quality standards and functional requirements. Competition among rivals makes the companies to deliver projects in less time and cost with better functionality. Risk management is a predefined and structured approach for identifying and analyzing potential risks associated with a project so that effective risk treatment can be done at the lowest cost. It is not impossible to eliminate all risk and costly to overdo risk management, but it is also unwise to think of eliminating risk. There will be, sometimes, positive risks those will lead to profit if properly analyzed and identified. Our term paper provides an analysis on papers and articles and conduct bibliographic study by particular risk ma nagement process and business category. Risk management researches are mostly done in mission critical environments and risky projects. As internet booms, information security and e-business issues are associated with a lot of risks. We found that majority of research papers are related to information technology in last decade. Risk in credit portfolio management, supply chain, pricing and insurance fields are also researched as they are related to financial lost and harm. Though risk management can offer significant benefits to a project in order to reduce nasty surprises and identify and act upon opportunities, it is, however, not a ‘panacea’ for the problems and surprises which befall many projects and should not be seen as the ‘silver bullet of project management’ (Pavyer, 2004) as Murphy’s Law is the governing law of project management: if something can go wrong, will go wrong. As we collected from three databases, mainly from ACM, our res ult can be a little affected by other finding and papers. Results will be slightly different as we go though several databases. Even thought we titled to 2007, we believe that other findings and papers will come out during this year. But based on our analysis, some inferences and emerging trends can be seen. Recommendations As people and management are aware of the importance of risk management processes, it would be more affective and appropriate to put more emphasis on formal and or informal education and training to further enhance their awareness of risk management. Formal education could be graduate studies in financial project management, software project management and construction project management etc. Informal education and training could be in the form of career development programs or workshops within organization or organized by academic institutions or professional seminars. Each organization should have own risk management plan, risk response plan, and human risk factors plan. Risk management team should be formed according to project manager’s guidelines and organizational goals. Project manager must aware of current risk management trends and technological trends for long term strategic planning. Researchers on risk management should cooperate and conduct on research areas which have been done less like autonomous agent systems, spacecraft systems, information security management. Appendix A. Reference Burke, R. (2003). â€Å"Product Management.† Biddles Ltd, Guildford. Brandon, D. (2006) â€Å"Project Management for Modern Information Systems† IRM Press Cooper D., Grey S., Raymond G., Walker P., (2005) Managing Risk in Large Projects and Complex Procurements. Chapman, R. J., and Ward, S. (1997). â€Å"Project Risk Management Processes, Techniques and Insights† John Wiley Sons, Chichester, UK. Flanagan, R., and Norman, G. (1993). Risk Management and Construction, Blackwell, Oxford, UK. Pavyer, E. (2004). â€Å"Evaluating Project Risk.† Strategic Risk Management, Auguest 2004, 24-25 Project management institute (2000). â€Å"A Gide to Project Management Body of Knowledge† Project management institute, 6 Raftery, J. (1994). Risk Analysis in Project Management, E FN SPON, London, UK. Snider, H. W. (1991). â€Å"Risk Management: A Retrospective View.† Risk Management April, 47-54 Schwalbe, K. (2006). â€Å"Inform ation Technology Project Management.† Thomson Course Technology, 425 Yee, C. W., Chan, P., and Hu, G. (2001). Construction Insurance and Risk Management- A Practical Guide for Construction Professionals, The Singapore Contractors Association Ltd., Singapore. Appendix B. List of papers Researchers Title Database Risk Category Year Business Category Sub Category Steven L. Cornford, Martin S. Feather,John C. Kelly, Timothy W. Larson, Burton Sigal,James D. Kiper Design and Development Assessment ACM Risk Assessment 2000 IT Mary Sumner Enterprise Wide Information Management Systems Projects ACM Risk Identification 2000 IT Norman Fenton Martin Nell Software Metrics: Roadmap ACM Risk Assessment 2000 IT Osamu Mizuno, Tohru Kikuno,Yasunari Takagi, Keishi Sakamoto Characterization of Risky Projects based on Project Managers’ Evaluation ACM Risk Identification 2000 IT Jahyun Goo,Rajiv Kishore, H.Raghav Rao A CONTENT-ANALYTIC LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF THE DRIVERS FOR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS OUTSOURCING ACM Risk Response 2000 IT Paul Glasserman,Philip Heidelberger VARIANCE REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR VALUE-AT-RISK WITH HEAVY-TAILED RISK FACTORS ACM Risk Analysis 2000 Finance Mukul Gupta,Alok R. Chaturvedi,Shailendra Mehta, Lorenzo Valeri THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF INFORMATION SECURITY MANAGEMENT ISSUES FOR ONLINE FINANCIAL SERVICES ACM Risk Response 2000 Finance Banking Dennis M Thompson. Transferability of knowledge-based cost engineering skills and techniques PROQUEST Risk Assessment 2000 General Allan D Chasey, Ann M Schexnayder. Constructability: The key to reducing investment risk PROQUEST Risk Assessment 2000 Construction Lorenzo Valeri, Ellen McDermott, Dan Geer Information Security is Information Risk Management ACM Risk Analysis 2001 IT STEVE GODDARD, SHERRI K. HARMS, STEPHEN E. REICHENBACH, TSEGAYE TADESSE, AND WILLIAM J. WALTMAN GEOSPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT FOR DROUGHT RISK MANAGEMENT ACM 2002 IT Disaster William Lewis, Jr., Richard T. Watson, and Ann Pickren An Empirical Assessment of IT Disaster Risk ACM Risk Assessment 2003 IT Disaster Merrick, van Dorp, Mazzuchi, and Harrald MODELING RISK IN THE DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT OF MARITIME TRANSPORTATION ACM Risk Analysis 2001 Maritime Brenda McCabe, Donald Ford USING BELIEF NETWORKS TO ASSESS RISK ACM Risk Analysis 2001 construction Deepak Bajaj. Corporate risk assessment in the construction industry: An Australian perspective PROQUEST Risk Assessment 2001 Construction Talal Abi-Karam Manageing risk in design-build PROQUEST Risk Analysis 2001 Construction Deepak Bajaj. Risk response and contingency strategies among contractors in Sydney, Australia PROQUEST Risk Analysis 2001 Construction Huaiqing Wang, John Mylopoulos, and Stephen Liao INTELLIGENT AGENTS and Financial Risk Monitoring Systems ACM Risk Monitor 2002 Finance Jeremy Staum SIMULATION IN FINANCIAL ENGINEERING ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Finance Mehdi Aboulfadl,Ritesh Pradhan A SPOT PRICING FRAMEWORK TO ENABLE PRICING AND RISK MANAGEMENT OF INTER-DOMAIN ASSURED BANDWIDTH SERVICES ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Finance Eduardo Saliby, Flavio Pacheco AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION OF SAMPLING METHODS IN RISK ANALYSIS SIMULATION: QUASI-MONTE CARLO, DESCRIPTIVE SAMPLING, AND LATIN HYPERCUBE SAMPLING ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Finance Syed A. Saleem Ethical Hacking as a risk management technique ACM Risk Analysis 2006 IT Disaster Ioannis V. Koskosas,Ray J. Paul The Interrelationship and Effect of Culture and Risk Communication in Setting Internet Banking Security Goals ACM Risk Assessment 2004 IT E-Banking Mitsuaki Nakasumi, Faculty of Economics Credit Risk Management System on e-Commerce: Case Based Reasoning approach ACM 2003 IT E-Commernce Masamitsu Moriyama, Kentaro Takemoto, Takio Shimosakon Risk Management for Electronic Commerce between Japan and China ACM Risk Control 2004 IT E-Commernce Yanping WANG,Feng ZHAO Electronic Commerce Project Character and Risk Factor Analyses ACM Risk Identification 2005 IT E-Commernce KESHNEE PADAYACHEE An Interpretive Study of Software Risk Management Perspectives ACM Risk Analysis 2002 IT Peggy Fung, Lam-for Kwok, Dennis Longley Electronic Information Security Documentation ACM Risk Assessment 2002 IT Information Security Peggy Fung, Lam-for Kwok, Dennis Longley Electronic Information Security Documentation ACM Risk Analysis 2002 IT Information Security Athanassios N. Avramidis IMPORTANCE SAMPLING FOR MULTIMODAL FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATION TO PRICING EXOTIC OPTIONS ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Marketing Carlos Magno C. Jacinto DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION FOR THE RISK OF DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL FIELD ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Organization Oil Field Alan Weatherall, Frank Hailstones Risk Identification and Analysis using a Group Support System (GSS). IEEE Risk Identification 2002 Organization Alan Weatherall, Frank Hailstones Risk Identification and Analysis using a Group Support System (GSS). IEEE Risk Analysis 2002 Organization Mick Bauer Practical Threat Analysis and Risk Management ACM Risk Analysis 2002 Paul Glasserman,Jingyi Li IMPORTANCE SAMPLING FOR A MIXED POISSON MODEL OF PORTFOLIO CREDIT RISK ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance Zhi Huang,Perwez Shahabuddin RARE-EVENT, HEAVY-TAILED SIMULATIONS USING HAZARD FUNCTION TRANSFORMATIONS, WITH APPLICATIONS TO VALUE-AT-RISK ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance Jeremy Staum, Samuel Ehrlichman, Vadim Lesnevski WORK REDUCTION IN FINANCIAL SIMULATIONS ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance William J. Morokoff SIMULATION METHODS FOR RISK ANALYSIS OF COLLATERALIZED DEBT OBLIGATIONS ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance Michele Amico,Zbigniew J. Pasek, Farshid Asl, Giovanni Perrone A NEW METHODOLOGY TO EVALUATE THE REAL OPTIONS OF AN INVESTMENT USING BINOMIAL TREES AND MONTE CARLO SIMULATION ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance John M. Mulvey,Hafize G. Erkan RISK MANAGEMENT OF A P/C INSURANCE COMPANY, SCENARIO GENERATION, SIMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Finance ELMARIE BIERMAN,ELSABE CLOETE Classification of Malicious Host Threats in Mobile Agent Computing ACM Risk Identification 2002 IT Information Security Mohamed Hamdi, Noureddine Boudriga Algebraic Specification of Network Security Risk Management ACM Risk Analysis 2003 IT Information Security Lawrence A. Gordon, Martin P. Loeb, and Tashfeen Sohail A Framework for Using Insurance For Cyber-Risk Management ACM Risk Analysis 2003 IT Information Security Scott Flinn,Steve Stoyles Omnivore: Risk Management through Bidirectional Transparency ACM Risk Analysis 2004 IT Information Security ANITA VORSTER AND LES LABUSCHAGNE ANITA VORSTER AND LES LABUSCHAGNE ACM Risk Analysis 2005 IT Information Security Janine L. Spears The Effects of User Participation in Identifying Information Security Risk in Business Processes ACM Risk Analysis 2006 IT Information Security Vital Roy,Benoit A. Aubert A Resource-Based Analysis of IT Sourcing ACM Risk Response 2002 IT Internet Business Jeremy Staum EFFICIENT SIMULATIONS FOR OPTION PRICING ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Marketing Tarja Joro, Paul Na A SIMULATION-BASED CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP PRICING APPROACH UNDER JUMP-DIFFUSION ACM Risk Analysis 2003 Marketing Azadeh Davoodi and Ankur Srivastava Voltage Scheduling Under Unpredictabilities: A Risk Management Paradigm ACM Risk Control 2003 Organization Melissa J. Dark Assessing Student Performance Outcomes in an Information Security Risk Assessment, Service Learning Course ACM Risk Identification 2004 Education Vadim Lesnevski,Barry L. Nelson,Jeremy Staum SIMULATION OF COHERENT RISK MEASURES ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Finance Mark Broadie,Ãâ€"zgà ¼r Kaya EXACT SIMULATION OF OPTION GREEKS UNDER STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY AND JUMP DIFFUSION MODELS ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Finance Zhi Huang, Perwez Shahabuddin A UNIFIED APPROACH FOR FINITE-DIMENSIONAL, RARE-EVENT MONTE CARLO SIMULATION ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Finance William J. Morokoff TUTORIAL ON PORTFOLIO CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Finance Menghui Cao, William J. Morokoff PORTFOLIO CREDIT RISK ANALYSIS INVOLVING CDO TRANCHES ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Finance Tarja Joro, Anne R. Niu, Paul Na A SIMULATION-BASED FIRST-TO-DEFAULT (FTD) CREDIT DEFAULT SWAP (CDS) PRICING APPROACH UNDER JUMP-DIFFUSION ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Finance William J. Morokoff AN IMPORTANCE SAMPLING METHOD FOR PORTFOLIOS OF CREDIT RISKY ASSETS ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Finance Yasuhiko Kitamura,Takuya Murao Risk Management Methods for Speculative Actions ACM Risk Analysis 2004 General Graham Lord FADS AND FALLACIES IN ASSET LIABILITY MANAGEMENT FOR LIFE INSURANCE ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Insurance Xiaoxia Jia , Xizhao Zhou The Risk Identification and Monitoring of Electronic Business IEEE Risk Identification 2005 IT Internet Business Xiaoxia Jia , Xizhao Zhou The Risk Identification and Monitoring of Electronic Business IEEE Risk Monitoring 2005 IT Internet Business Bernd Freimut, Susanne Hartkopf, Peter Kaiser, Jyrki Kontio, Werner Kobitzsch An Industrial Case Study of Implementing Software Risk Management ACM Risk Analysis 2001 IT Software Development Marvin V. Zelkowitz, Ioana Rus Understanding IVV in a Safety Critical and Complex Evolutionary Environment: The NASA Space Shuttle Program1 IEEE Risk Analysis 2001 IT Software Development Yanping Chen,Robert L. Probert,D. Paul Sims Specification-based Regression Test Selec-tion with Risk Analysis ACM Risk Analysis 2002 IT Software Development Là ©a A. Deleris,Debra Elkins, M. Elisabeth Patà ©-Cornell ANALYZING LOSSES FROM HAZARD EXPOSURE: A CONSERVATIVE PROBABILISTIC ESTIMATE USING SUPPLY CHAIN RISK SIMULATION ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Organization Supply Chain Darcie Durham, Melinda M. Gallo Integration Risks for the nternational Space Station and Orbital Space lanel IEEE Risk Identification 2004 Organization Space Agency Gordon Woo HOMELAND SECURITY GUEST ADDRESS MANAGING THE RISK OF TERRORISM? ACM Risk Analysis 2004 Terrorism Gus Rodewald Aligning Information Security Investments with a Firms Risk Tolerance ACM Risk Analysis 2005 Finance William J. Morokoff SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF CORRELATION AND CREDIT MIGRATION MODELS FOR CREDIT PORTFOLIOS ACM Risk Analysis 2005 Finance William J. Morokoff SIMULATION OF RISK AND RETURN PROFILES FOR PORTFOLIOS OF CDO TRANCHES ACM Risk Analysis 2005 Finance Achal Bassamboo,Sandeep Juneja EXPECTED SHORTFALL IN CREDIT PORTFOLIOS WITH EXTREMAL DEPENDENCE ACM Risk Analysis 2005 Finance Wanmo Kang,Perwez Shahabuddin FAST SIMULATION FOR MULTIFACTOR PORTFOLIO CREDIT RISK IN THE t-COPULA MODEL ACM Risk Analysis 2005 Finance Martin Lorenz, Jan D. Gehrke, Hagen Langer, and Ingo J. Timm,Joachim Hammer Situationaware Risk Management in AutonomousAgents ACM Risk Identification 2005 General Eunice Maytorena, Graham M. Winch, Jim Freeman, and Tom Kiely The Influence of Experience and Information Search Styles on Project Risk Identification Performance PROQUEST Risk Identification 2005 General Sara Albolino,Sebastiano Bagnara Building a reporting and learning culture of medical failures in a healthcare system ACM Risk Identification, Risk Analysis 2005 Healthcare Ian P. Leistikow, MD,Geert H. Blijham, MD PhD System-based risk analysis in healthcare ACM Risk Analysis 2005 Healthcare Rosalind L. Bennett, Daniel A. Nuxoll,Robert A. Jarrow A LOSS DEFAULT SIMULATION MODEL OF THE FEDERAL BANK DEPOSIT INSURANCE FUNDS ACM Risk Analysis 2005 Insurance TOM ADDISON,SEEMA VALLABH,KPMG Controlling Software Project Risks – an Empirical Study of Methods used by Experienced Project Managers. ACM Risk Control 2002 IT Software Development Audun Jà ¸sang, Daniel Bradley, Svein J. 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The Argument for the Existence of God Essay - 1159 Words

The Argument for the Existence of God It is an undisputed fact that some people claim to have experienced God. It is these religious experiences that have been used by philosophers to argue for the existence of God. The main way of expressing the argument from religious experience is as follows: P1 Someone experiences an entity C1 The entity exists P2 Someone has experienced God C2 God exists Those who champion the argument seek to differentiate ordinary experiences and religious experiences. The supporters of this argument argue that there are several key differences between the two types of experience: that religious experiences are completely different from what is normal†¦show more content†¦The idea expressed here is that religious believers will become explicitly convinced that they are in Gods presence when a religious experience occurs. In order to stress that the experience was truly experienced and not simply a conclusion of a series of inferences (caused by consideration of a set of hypotheses), experiences are described through the undeniable, self-authenticating interaction of the five senses. For example, when you see a football heading straight towards you and subsequently colliding with your head, you not only see the football coming towards you but also feel the football when it hits your head. Through the interaction of the two senses of sight and touch it would seem illogical to deny the existence of the football and, indeed, the event itself. An analogy to this effect is often cited because the direct experience that comes from a spiritual sense and that not to believe in Gods presence after this experience would seem absurd. The point of the example of experiencing God something like the way that you would experience people is not the idea of how we experience each others bodies but how we experience each others being. This is further clarified by the suggestion that we also experience other peoples minds,Show MoreRelatedThe Argument On The Existence Of God1629 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of God has been a part of man’s history for centuries. Since time began there has been various combination of believers, and non-believers. Individuals who believes in God, belong to many different religion. Whereas, skeptics find the existence of God somewhat baffling, and have continually sought answers to His existence through scientific methods. As the world progresses in scientific, and technological advancement, the human race still faces the question of God’s existence. Many philosophersRead MoreThe Arguments For The Existence Of God1056 Words   |  5 Pages16 November 2015 Rough Draft for The arguments for the Existence of God. The question Does God Exist? is a well-known asked question in the world. Most people believe they know the answer to it. The religious people would say, well of course he does, while the non-religious people or atheist would say no He does not exist. Because evil exist and chaos exists, God cannot be all-powerful. In the modern world, there are many different opinions as to whether a God exists or not. This has been an issueRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1674 Words   |  7 Pagesfind the three arguments I analyzed satisfactory for the existence of God. The existence of God simply cannot be proven. Regardless of how strong a person’s faith is, or how many miracles they claim to have witnessed, God can only ever be a possibility. First, I will discuss why Pascal’s wager is not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. I will then examine C.D. Broad’s â€Å"Argument for the Existence of God†, and why it is also not a satisfying argument for the existence of God. Finally, IRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God974 Words   |  4 PagesArguments for the existence of God through critical thinking and rationalization are called ontological, cosmological, teleological, or pragmeatic arguments. The most widely known of such arguments is that of St. Anselm from Proslogium of St. Anselm, which states that God is considered a perfect being unlike humans or any other world subject. The fact that he is perfect in a world of imperfection proves his existence. God is also the highest conceivable idea of perfection, and thereforeRead MoreThe Existence Of God : An Argument881 Words   |  4 PagesThe Existence of God The philosophical arguments presented in this document are not of religious text, nor scientific observation or established fact. Rather the premise of this God proof is bring together and share the various theories on which other God proofs have established foundations. I have heard it quoted that â€Å"Philosophy goes where hard science can t, or won t. Philosophers have a license to.† Therefore, with this in mind, I attest that it is more than problematic to construct anRead MoreArguments on the Existence of God602 Words   |  2 PagesGod’s existence may actually depend upon our belief in his existence but it is more plausible to believe that God exists using the different types of arguments such as the cosmological argument and ontological argument, Leibniz and the Principle of Sufficient Reason and the Problem of Evil, and the definition of basic belief as evidence. The Cosmological argument can be simplified into three reasons that everything that begins to exist has a cause; the universe began to exist, therefore the universeRead MoreArguments For The Existence Of God1137 Words   |  5 PagesArguments for the existence of God come in many different forms; some draw on history, some on science, some on personal experience, and some on philosophy. Descartes offered two arguments towards the existence of God: an informal proof in the third meditation and the ontological proof in the fifth meditation. Descartes believed that with the employment of a rational method of inquiry which applied some of the methods of analytic geometry to the study of philosophy, our ability to attain certaintyRead MoreThe Argument Of The Existence Of God1480 Words   |  6 PagesThe arguments trying to â€Å"prove† the existence of God are by far some of the most controversial philosophical arguments out there. When some of the people who created these philo sophies it was illegal or even punishable by death to even question his existence, let alone try to come up with a logical explanation to â€Å"prove† he is real. The two main arguments used today are the ontological argument and the cosmological argument. Neither one of these arguments are correct nor incorrect; moreover, theRead MoreThe Arguments For The Existence Of God940 Words   |  4 Pagesp. 209, question# 1 Among the numerous arguments for the existence of God, the argument of design stands as the most persuasive in terms of providing a logical basis for the absolute presence of God. This argument is concerned with the intricate nature of creation and existence: one must believe that there is a Supreme Being that designed the characteristics and features of every existing thing in the entire universe, both living and non-living. The precise and complicated design of the universeRead MoreThe Argument For The Existence Of God1411 Words   |  6 PagesMy paper scrutinizes numerous logical disputes for and alongside the presence of God. I shall argue that there’s no adequate evidence or inclusive arguments for the existence of God. It is grounded on the views of certain great philosophers and scientists of all of mankind. Generally speaking for myself, I would correspond to have faith that there is â€Å"God†. Regrettably, it’s awfully well-defined that the being built up on insightful faith is no longer a suitable custom to shadow. During the course

Industrial Revolution and Agricultural Revolution Free Essays

The Industrial revolution began in the early 1800s. The industrial revolution could not have happened if the agricultural revolution had not preceded it. During the Agricultural Revolution several inventions that reduced the need for man power were invented. We will write a custom essay sample on Industrial Revolution and Agricultural Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two of those inventions were the Jethro Tull seeding drill and the cotton gin. The seeding drill planted seeds in rows which made the crops easier to manage and harvest. The cotton gin was invented in 1793 by Eli Whitney, it took the seeds out of the cotton. The cotton gin made it so that the work that previously needed to be done y fifty men could now be done by one. An idea of the agricultural revolution was crop rotation. Crop rotation was switching the crops into different fields each year which allowed farmers to produce 25 % more crops and more During the agricultural revolution population went up and less people were needed to work on the farms. There were a lot of people that needed jobs but there were not a lot of jobs for people on farms so the people turned to the cities. The time when people went into the cities looking for jobs which caused the populations of the cities to at east double was called urbanization. During urbanization the city of Manchester in the United kingdom grew from 50,000 people to 500,00 people, this rapid increase of population took place during an extremely short period of time. The United Kingdom became the place where the industrial revolution was born. It happened here because the UK had land, labor, and wealth. Factories arose first in Since there were factories everywhere, there were plenty of jobs for the people. Even though the factories did provide jobs for the people they were not good jobs. People started working as young as the age of six. The average work day was 14-16 hours, and that†s a lot of working hours, especially for a young child. Inside the factories the conditions were absolutely dreadful. The air was full of dust and other things that made it practically unbreathable, the machines were dangerous and often took a persons limbs or injured them in other ways. Because the work days were so long and the workers were practically on their feet the entire day people became deformed and had problems with their legs. Despite all the hard labor and dangers of the work place the workers were still paid next to nothing. Eventually working conditions did improve. One of the things that helped improve conditions were unions. Unions were when all of the workers got together to get things that they wanted, they mainly used collective bargaining to get what they wanted. Another thing that helped improve working conditions were legislative reforms. Legislative reforms helped improve working conditions because they regulated and limited several things such as how old you had to be before you could work, how many ours you could work, and how much you got paid. The government also made sure that the factories were safe for people to be working in so that people did not get hurt by the machines so often. Another thing that changed during the Industrial Revolution was public education. Horace Mann made public education free. It is important that we have free public education because we live in a democratic society and people have to be educated to make wise There were also some more positive effects of all these factories. People began to dress better than they had efore and they owned more possessions because the machines were able to make things that they wanted in larger quantities much faster than if they were hand made. People also had money to purchase things that they Laissez Faire translates to â€Å"let do. † The economy called laissez fair had no governmental controls over the economy. In Laissez Faire free trade was allowed which made for a strong natural economy. Adam Smith was a Laissez Faire economist he wrote â€Å"Wealth of Nations,† and his ideas became the basis for capitalism. Capitalism was an economic system in which oney was invested in business ventures with the goal of making a profit. The Laissez Faire economists believed that government controls would ruin the economy. Socialism was the economic system in which the means of production are owned by the public to benefit all equality. Karl Marx was a radical socialist that wrote â€Å"The communist Manifest. † He believed that owners were the â€Å"haves† because they had the money and that the workers were the â€Å"have nots† because they did not have much money. Marx saw this as unfair. He saw history as a class warfare and an overflow of the working class. How to cite Industrial Revolution and Agricultural Revolution, Papers

Crackling Day by Peter Abrahams and The Old Chief Mshlanga by Doris Lessing Essay Example For Students

Crackling Day by Peter Abrahams and The Old Chief Mshlanga by Doris Lessing Essay Crackling Day by Peter Abrahams and The Old Chief Mshlanga by Doris Lessing are both stories that deal with the discrimination of the black race in South Africa. These stories present a viewpoint of life during the apartheid period in which the black race was treated as inferior because of the color of their skin. In Crackling Day, a young black boy in South Africa challenges three white youths and, in so doing, challenges the political system of the whole country. In The Old Chief Mshlanga, a girl name Nkosikaas Jordan learns to see things through the eyes of the native inhabitants of South Africa and, in doing so, bring about a change in her character. In these stories the main characters confront internal and external conflicts about racism, human rights, and hopelessness. In both stories, the characters deal with an issue of racism in which one character faces it and the other causes it. In Crackling Day, the narrator, a young black boy, is faced with hatred violence because of his ethic background. When the narrator went to the store to buy crackling for his mother, the storeowner made him beg and say, Baas because he was black. The narrator deals with both internal and external conflicts because he experiences the hatred of the outside world and the inside struggles of being black in a white mans world. In The Old Chief Mshlanga, Nkosikaas Jordan is a spoiled white girl who spends her time being cruel and allowing her dogs to terrorize the native. Nkosikaas is blind to the things around her and this causes her to act in a dreadful manner. She later on discovers some truth about the land and its people when she meets Chief Mshlanga. This experience causes her internal conflicts in which she struggles to change and understand those around her from their point of view. In both stories, the characters are faced with different racial situations, but they both deal with an internal conflict, which they are forced to view the other person viewpoint. Another key issue is the ability to stand up for what one believes in. The narrator of Crackling Day demonstrates this theme by first standing up against the three white boys and then for the memories of his father. When faced with the racial discrimination, the narrator fights as a means to speak out against the white boys and to illustrate that his father is just as good as any other man, white or black. But this fight also brings about the narrators downfall in which he is discriminated against and beaten and by his own uncle for standing up for his right. The narrator is faced with both internal and external conflicts because the events that took place were beaus of physical and mentally hatred. Nkosikaas Jordan also learns to stand up for what she believes in by first developing an awareness and sensitivity to the natives of South Africa. She learns to make her own judgment and to observe her role in life by standing outside of it, watching all the beauty of the land. In this situation Nkosikaas deals with an internal conflict where she tries to find out how she can belong in this part of the world. Hopelessness is also an issue that appears in both stories more than once. In Crackling Day, the narrator feels a sense of hopelessness when he was attacked by all three boys and when he was forced to look down at the store. .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .postImageUrl , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:hover , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:visited , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:active { border:0!important; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:active , .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24 .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc74f647efcaa4cf13a5ceb0ec43d0c24:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: What was Chaucers view on Medieval Christianity EssayHe was humiliated and he felt worthless because of how he was treated by the storeowner. The narrator deals with an internal conflict in which he felt ashamed of his ethic background and the person he is. Nkosikaas Jordan also deals with the same problem when she gets lost on the way to Chief Mshlangas village. Nkosikaas becomes confused and frightened because of the fact that she didnt have the support of a gun or her dogs. She also felt as if she didnt belong to the land and that old evil of the land way after her. At this point, Nkosikaas deals with an internal conflict were she is ensured of who she is and where she belongs. Nkosikaas becomes overwhelmed by her surrounds and on her way home from the village, she started to believe that she was a destroyer. She felt empty hearted and believed that she was a victim because she didnt belong to the natives world or to her own kind. In conclusion, although the narrator of Crackling Day and Nkosikaas where presented with different situations, they both where affected by racism, human rights, and a sense of hopelessness. The apartheid period in which both stories were based, did not just affect the black race, but it also affected the youth of the white. This cause the youths to feel separated from the rest of the world around them and to question their place in it. Even though the two characters were emotional impact by the challenges of being a different race, the narrator of Cracking Day, suffered the most. The narrator was physical and emotionally degraded and he still has to deal with it everyday of his life, while Nkosikaas can return to her superior position as a white person.

Maintenance - and Capital Improvements Businesses

Question: Discuss about the Maintenance, and Capital Improvements for Businesses. Answer: Introduction: According to the Australian tax laws, section 6.5, the assessable income of an Australian resident is considered to include concepts that are ordinary and the income will, therefore, be known as ordinary income. Ordinary income will be treated differently depending on the type of residency of the citizen. The ordinary income of an Australian resident will be said to be assessable if it includes all the sources that accrue income to the resident if it is either indirectly of directly. The income will be assessed irrespective of whether it was gained in the country or outside Australia in the year of income (Wolters, 2016 p1). If the person being assessed for tax purposes is a non-resident, the income that will be assessed for tax purposes will be the income that is derived indirectly or directly from their sources in Australia in the year of income. In this case, a non-resident person is a person who leaves in Australia but does not have an Australian citizenship. They include investors and people who may have relocated to the country after some time, and they have not yet gained the full citizenship of the country. The other income that will be treated as ordinary income will be the income that will be said to be derived from the citizen if the amounts accrued were transacted on behalf of the resident and the income is directly attributable to the resident person. In the case of Peta, he purchased the house in Kew. It is not clear if Peta was a resident or non-resident in the country. The reason for the purchase of the property was for him to live with his family and to build a different unit on the tennis court. The selling of the additional units would be treated as ordinary income for tax purposes irrespective of whether Peta is a resident or nonresident. The only difference will be in the tax rates that will be applied in the calculation of the tax. After Peta had been offered the opportunity to sell the tennis courts, he was able to change his mind on building additional units for sale. The condition for the tennis club purchasing the tennis court was if the current court was restored to a good condition. The cost incurred for restoring the court into a good condition will be considered as repairs and maintenance in preparing the income of Peta. That means that the costs will be reduced from the income that will be received after the sale. Repairs and maintenance are usually tax deductible because they are treated as capital expenses for purposes of tax. The fact that Peta accepted the offer to sell the tennis court after repairing it means that he has to record all the expenses that are incurred in the maintenance process (William, 2016, p1). The amount that was spent by Peta was 100,000 dollars. However, the amount has to be broken down because there are some activities that are not considered as capital expenditures in the calculation of tax. One of the activities that will not be deductible will be the cost that was incurred for fencing. This is because the items that are deductible are those that are aimed at restoring the good condition of a place, and fencing will not be considered as one of them. When calculating the capital gains tax of Peta, the receipt of the 600,000 dollars should be treated as ordinary income. This is because the income was derived directly from an Australian source. That means that the classification of the income will not matter whether the income was from a resident or non-resident person (Efile.com, p1). According to the Australian tax office, the fringe benefit is considered to be the payment that an employee is entitled but is different from their wages and salaries. The benefit is usually provided on the employment contract of the employee. For tax purposes, an employee will be defined as a person who has an entitlement to receiving salaries and benefits from a person or organization (Commonwealth consolidated acts, 2016, p1). The fringe benefit will be provided in a case where the employer allows the employee to use the car provided by the organization for private purposes. It also applies when employees are entitled to loans at a lower rate. It also includes memberships to clubs and reimbursement for expenses incurred by employees such as airtime and school fees. Benefit Amount School fees 20,000 Handset 2,000 Tax liability 22,000 (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). The tax liability for ABC Company will be equal to 22,000 dollars for the financial year ending 31st March 2016. The company will not be liable for FBT on the mobile phone bill because the airtime by Alan is used for work purposes only. That means that the expenses will be treated as a normal operations cost to the company. The fees for Alans children will be treated as a fringe benefit because it is an expense that is not incurred in the course of the business of the company but the employees are given a privileged for been works of the company. The full amount of 20,000 dollars should be subjected to the calculation of the FBT of the company. The cost for the mobile phone that is provided by the company should be treated as a fringe benefit. This is because it has not been indicated if the phone is used purely for work purposes or Alan also goes with it at home. The calculations have assumed that an employee does not leave behind the phone at work, but the airtime that is used for personal use is purchased by the employee (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). For the amount incurred by the company in the restaurant will be treated differently based on the frequency of the dinners. If the dinner is treated as a normal company operation, then the expense will be treated as a fringe benefit for the employees. This is because it will be treated as a normal expense for the company because it will be assumed that the employees are assured of the services from the company on a regular basis. If the expense was incurred as a one off thing, then it will be treated as an employee expense for the company. This will apply if it was a treat that never happens as a routine for the company on the normal operations of the company (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). The application of the costs will be treated in the same way a bonus for employees is treated. If employees are assured of the bonus on an annual basis based on the performance of the company, then the tax is usually taxed. However, if the company just decides to award the employees with t he bonus, it will be treated as company expenses and not chargeable on the employees. If the company had only five employees, then it would be assumed that the company owed the employees an obligation of providing them with meals. This will form part of the employee expenses in the company and would be reduced from the income of the company (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). If clients were available in the dinner for the company, then the cost will be treated as a normal company costs. It will be treated as an expense for the company as an advertising cost. The cost will be categorized as an advertising cost because it will be assumed that the dinner is aimed at appreciating the clients of the company and ensuring that the customers of the company will retain in the next financial year of the company (Australian taxation office, 2016, p1). Bibliography Australian Government. Reducing your FBT liability. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/Do-you-need-to-pay-FBT-/Reducing-your-FBT-liability/ Australian Government. What is fringe benefits tax? Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/In-detail/Employers-guide/What-is-FBT-/ Australian Government. How to calculate your FBT. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.ato.gov.au/General/Fringe-benefits-tax-(FBT)/How-to-calculate-your-FBT/ Australian Government. Types of fringe benefit. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.ato.gov.au/General/fringe-benefits-tax-(fbt)/types-of-fringe-benefits/ Australian Taxation office. Tax ruling No. IT 2650. Retrieved On 16th September 2016. From https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=ITR/IT2650/NAT/ATO/00001 Australian taxation office. ATO interpretative decision. Retrieved on 26th September 2016. From https://law.ato.gov.au/atolaw/view.htm?docid=AID/AID200723/00001 Commonwealth consolidated acts. Income tax assessment act 1997- sect 6.5. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/s6.5.html Efile.com. How to claim, report tax deductible home expenses. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.efile.com/tax-deduction/income-deduction/home-deductions/ William, C. 2016. Deductions for repairs, maintenance, and capital improvements for businesses. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://thismatter.com/money/tax/business-deductions-repairs-maintenance-capital-improvements.htm Wolters, K. Residency. Retrieved on 16th September 2016. From https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/topic/tlp703/document/atagUio694796sl24352044/legislation/residency/section-6-10-other-assessable-income-statutory-income.

Different Types of Essay Paper Samples to Consider

Different Types of Essay Paper Samples to ConsiderThere are many different types of essay paper samples to choose from and choosing the right one can make a big difference in the quality of your final paper. Allowing yourself time to read a variety of examples will allow you to make an informed decision. One of the best ways to narrow down your choices is to consider how much information you need to include in your paper.An often-asked question is whether a test or subject can be completed without the assistance of a tutor. Many students believe that the only way to successfully complete a test without outside help is to cheat. While there is nothing wrong with cheating if that is what it takes, many people do find it helpful to write their own essay and then get some help from a book or video tutorial on how to write an essay. In many cases, just reading a book or tutorial on essay writing can be sufficient to accomplish the task.You should also consider the fact that you don't nece ssarily have to write your own essay. Essay papers can be written by using sample essays written by other students or by using simple outlines that have been used in past assignments. If you use sample essays, they are likely already written so they provide you with a useful source of knowledge.If you have to write your own essay, consider looking at sample essays for specific subjects. While you can get started on your essay by simply using sample essays for that subject, using sample essays for all subjects can greatly increase your chances of being able to finish your assignment successfully. Having an idea of how a particular subject is written may make the task of writing the essay easier.It may also be beneficial to choose an essay that is not related to your field of study. Many students begin writing by using a basic essay that is related to their field. However, these assignments are rarely satisfactory because they focus on the facts and ignore the importance of providing an engaging argument.When you are completing the individual essay, think about whether you can combine the style and content of a short piece of essay writing with the opinion of a professor. In some cases, your instructor may be willing to accept an essay that includes his or her opinion as part of the thesis. Alternatively, you could use a short survey or example to demonstrate that you have gone beyond the usual writing style that has been traditional in your college or university.By studying essay samples for various types of topics, you will be better able to answer questions about the skills that you will need to master when you begin writing your own essays. This way, you will be sure to learn from the experiences of others, and you will be well on your way to completing your own essay.

Wilfred Owen

Wilfred Owen -The old Lie Essay The old lie is a term that was developed by Wilfred Owen. The phrase refers to the story that was told to soldiers and civilians of the day. This story was indeed an idealistic view of war and fooled the general population into believing that war was glamorous and glorious and that dying for ones country was noble and dignified. The old lie was developed over many years and originally started in the days of the Romans that in roman times fighting for your country was honourable as every warrior needed to be extremely fit and skilled in battle, hence, it was an occupation for the physically elite. In modern day war, an unfit unskilled man can easily kill a skilled and fit man with a gun with little or no effort, and this death is one of an undignified nature and certainly not glorious. We will write a custom essay on Wilfred Owen -The old Lie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The views from Roman times have been carried through to the modern ages though and even though it was a reality that war was no longer fought by skilled men and death on a battlefield was anything but dignified, civilians had no idea of this and still believed the old lie as old attitudes had been carried through to the modern days. The attitudes of people towards war changed during World War One for many reasons. Originally the attitude to war in the 18th and 19th centuries was that war was glorious and that dying for your country was a noble and graceful act. These views were conveyed to the general public through literature such as the poem The Charge of the Light Brigade by Lord Alfred Tennyson. This poem was written about a particular battle during the Crimean war and is based around the fact that the soldiers in that war dies a noble death on the battlefield and even though they died due to an inexplicable mistake by one of the commanders not one of them questioned that decision. The general public were not fully aware of the horrors that war held and poets of the time did not seem prepared to shed war in a negative light, perhaps war raised morale and patriotism in the country. When Brooke started writing at the beginning of the First World War attitudes were that war was seen as romantic and glorious and death on the battlefield was considered noble and dignified. As the war developed, these views changed in correspondence with the publications of Wilfred Owens poetry. Owens poetry shed a new light on war and it discussed how death on the battlefield was actually undignified and death was not honourable and that war was pointless and horrific. Owen expresses these views through his poetry. A factor that heavily contributed to peoples perception of war was the literature that was published both through poetry and the media as plenty of people in that time read poetry and the media had a huge influence over peoples opinions. If the general trend in literature being published was that war was glorious and dignified the publics opinions were more than likely to follow in that general direction and vice versa, hence poetry had a huge grasp over the thoughts of the entire country as if one respected poet demonstrated those views, this could sway the perception the whole country had to war On the other hand the views of poets and the media could be propaganda that was employed in order to help raise the morale of the country and for numerous other causes. An example would be Charge of the Light Brigade, where Tennysons views are so concentrated on the positive aspects of the battle through the use of euphemisms one can only suspect that there was a propaganda campaign behind this in order to perhaps shelter the armed forces from criticism and to raise the morale of the country. The Charge of the Light Brigade was a poem written during the Crimean war after Britain had just lost a battle in devastating fashion, due to a mistake by one of the commanding officers, soldiers were sent into an ambush and close to six hundred died pointlessly and their deaths were avoidable or postponable at the very least. Tennyson actually wrote this poem as a third person as he was in no way involved in the war and drew all his information from the famously biased British media, i.e. a newspaper. Perhaps this played a role in his idealistic and euphemistic portrayal of the battle. Tennysons attitude to war was one of extreme jingoism and was extremely idealistic. His view of war was that it was glorious, dignified and honourable to die for your country. His poetry conveys to the reader that he possibly knew of the true horrors of that battle but he played down the negative points through euphemisms, for example, while horse and hero fell, this line is essentially saying that the soldiers died on the battlefield but though the use of the word fell and hero, Tennyson allows a sentence about death to become majestic, serene even, which is a testament to his skills as a writer. Through Tennysons poetry it becomes apparent to the reader that Tennyson has never fought in a war himself and that he was most probably raised to accept the old lie as gospel truth. This is due to his idealistic views and his use of euphemisms, and his jingoistic attitude to war allows him to actually glorify a battle that could not have gone worse for the British. Tennyson demonstrates through this poem that he very much respects soldiers that have fought in battle. In The Charge of the Light Brigade he immortalises all the soldiers who died but made sure not to name any specific soldier as this would raise his profile above that of the rest and in his eyes they were all equally respectable. He demonstrates his respect for the soldiers through the line, When can their glory fade? Honour the light brigade. This shows us that Tennyson felt strongly that the light brigade deserved to be honoured for what they had done. The issue of their honour was quite an emotional issue for Tennyson, hence, the rhetorical question, When can their glory fade?, which of course is rhetorical as in his eyes, their honour can never fade. The rhythm and rhyme in this poem are meticulously assembled to convey several subconscious messages to the reader. The rhythm of the poem is reminiscent to the sound of a horse galloping which bears significance in the context of this text as the men who dies in the battle the poem is based on, died whilst riding horses. Tennyson uses the line Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, Cannon in front of them to great effect. The repetition of the word cannon and the increase in tempo when reading these lines helps to convey to the reader how much danger the soldiers were in and how the odds were stacked completely against them. The repetition and change in tempo integrates well with the rhythm which is reminiscent of a horse galloping and all of this helps to paint a vivid image in the readers mind of the battle scene. The rhyme in this poem is varied. There are several examples of half rhymes and the effect they have is that they give some tune to the poem to help it be rousing. Alliteration is used in this poem in order to emphasise the tragedy of what happened, for example, horse and hero and all the world wondered. These uses of alliteration help to give a more sombre feel to the poem and help the reader to fully experience the tragedy of the battle and to help keep the solemn and respectful feel of the poem. Another poetic technique used by Tennyson in this poem is that when he addresses the reader he talks in the present tense, for example, When can their glory fade?. Tennyson may address readers in this manner to possibly feel more personally linked and involved and this may help to evoke emotions from the reader. Metaphors are used in this poem in order to stress the unavoidable danger than the soldiers are in, for example, into the jaws of death, this line gives the reader the effect that the soldiers are doomed before they begun and could help the reader to comprehend how much danger the soldiers were in during battle. The Soldier is a poem written by Rupert Brooke at the beginning of World War One. This poem was written at a time when peoples attitudes towards war were still very much linked with the old lie and the jingoism of Tennyson although attitudes were now changing. Attitudes were changing as more men had experienced war and knew the true horrors of war. This poem was written during a transition period from when they old lie was widely believed, to the point when it was obsolete. This poem is extremely nationalistic due to the repetition of the word England. For example, A dust whom England bore and A body of Englands, breathing English air are but to name a few references of England in this poem. Brooke was quite prepared to die for his country, we know this from the line, In that rich earth a richer dust concealed, in that line he is talking about his own ashes being the dust with not an ounce of regret, this shows he is perfectly happy to die for his country and he also feels that because his ashes are from England this is a richer material than foreign Earth as he has successfully personified his ashes into England, Brooke is once again showing his nationalistic attitude here. Brooke writes this poem in the form of a sonnet (14 lines with 10 syllables per line) which is traditionally a love poem. Brooke uses this form of poem to convey to the reader how devoted and in love he is with England. Throughout the course of this poem Brooke puts across to the reader that it is an Englishmans duty to fight for England, to repay the country that has nurtured you as you would your mother. Brooke never directly quotes this but implies this through lines such as, A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware. This implies that a soldier should be grateful to his country for turning him into the man he is and if the honour of his country is at stake, he must defend his country as he would his mother who also bore him. This poem has an extremely serene tone and includes a lot of euphemism in order to play down disgusting and violent scenes like death on the battlefield, and turn them into peaceful and serene scenes. For example, A body of Englands, breathing English air, literally translated this sentence is describing a corpse which is quite a disgusting entity to imagine but through the use of euphemisms such as body of England, the sentence sounds less disgusting and almost serene. Another example of euphemisms in this poem is the line If I should die, Brooke is keeping an optimistic attitude about whether he will even die and is not condemning himself, which lessens the effect of the line and brightens the tone of the poem. Brooke also uses the euphemism of the word dust instead of ashes in order to further play down how gruesome death on the battlefield was, A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware. .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc , .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc .postImageUrl , .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc , .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc:hover , .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc:visited , .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc:active { border:0!important; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc:active , .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5b060d622a04eab06aec4fc84f0fbbbc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Voice by Thomas Hardy EssayAnother euphemism used to play down death on the battlefield is that Brooke uses the word sleep instead of the word death. The effect this has on the reader is that it greatly reduces the shock to the reader and once again maintains a peaceful tone and helps to portray death on the battlefield in a serene fashion. The sound and rhythm of this poem contributes to the serene feel of the poem as the poem is written the form of a sonnet which is traditionally used to write love poems, therefore Brooke is expressing his love for England. Love poems are always tranquil and never violent; hence, that is the tone of this poem. This poem uses a lot of personification. For example, this poem heavily personifies England into many different forms. For example, her (England) flowers to love and Her (England) sights and sounds. These two lines show Brooke Personifying England. Brooke talks about colonisation of a foreign field even if the English lose the battle as their ashes will be absorbed by the ground and turn that, metaphorically, into English territory. He expresses this through the line, In that rich earth, a richer dust concealed. This once again reinforces his reputation as a nationalist. The poem Peace which was also written by Rupert Brooke is essentially a poem that has been designed in order to encourage men to enrol in the army. The line, we, who have known shame, we have found release there. This line translates into, if you carry shame then joining the army will rid you of all your shame, which if nothing else is a clear message to encourage men to enrol in the armed forces. Brooke may have written this as his views are clear from The Soldier and those are that it is an honour to fight for your country so it comes as no surprise that Brooke is writing a poem about the advantages of enrolling in the army. Brooke also talks about spiritual rewards in the afterlife through death on a battlefield for England, for example, Nothing to shake the laughing hearts long peace there. This line is talking about that fact that dying on a battlefield for England is an extremely small price to pay for an eternity of peace and enjoyment in the afterlife. This once again reinforces his reputation as an extreme nationalistic. Some time after Rupert Brookes views on war were commonplace, an entirely new and different attitude to war was developed during World War One and this is reflected in the works of Wilfred Owen. This different attitude to war that developed was an attitude that was completely against war. Through greater use and reach of the media and possibly less propaganda and through the literature of poets such as Wilfred Owen, the general public were no longer fooled by the old lie. People generally started to realise that war was actually quite a horrific experience and no longer considered it glorious once realities such as conditions inside the trenches were exposed. Anthem for Doomed Youth, was a poem written by Wilfred Owen during the First World War. This poem is very similar to The Soldier by Rupert Brooke, in that they two poems essentially deal with the same issues: that of remembering the dead of the war and death on the battlefield, but the views and tones of the poems are a world apart. The two poems, The Soldier and Anthem for Doomed Youth are both dealing with the issue of the death of a soldier on a battlefield. Owens viewpoint is that when a soldier dies on a battlefield it is an extremely undignified death, he expresses this in the line, What passing bells for those who die as cattle? Only the monstrous anger of the guns. This conveys to the reader that the lives of soldiers were treated merely as numbers and that most soldiers were cannon fodder whose only purpose was to die a meaningless death on the front line, only marked by the continuous shooting of the guns. Owen portrays death on the battlefield as the least dignified way to die. Tennyson also concurs with the views of Brooke, as from the poem, The Charge of the Light Brigade, the line When can their glory fade?. The poem The Soldier was written in the form of a sonnet because Brooke is trying to emphasise his love for his country as sonnets are generally love poems. The poem, Anthem for Doomed Youth was written in the form in the form of a sonnet because Owen is trying to put across to the reader the idea of ironic love, that is, the fact that one id prepared to die for ones country but the state can not take the time to offer the corpse a simple funeral. The fact that dying for ones country means so much for that person but that love from the country is unrequited; as far as the country is concerned the soldier is only another figure that can be added to the death toll. The title of the poem, Anthem for Doomed Youth has had the word anthem been put into the title as the word anthem is there to inform the reader that this is what is most likely to happen to a soldier that joins the army, that is, an anthem for their life at the army that always ends in a gruesome undignified death. The significance of the word doomed in the poem, Anthem for Doomed Youth, is that Owen is trying to convey to the reader that the soldiers are doomed for a horrible undignified death before they have even set off for battle; there is no solace or escape for those that enter the path of war. In Owens first draft of this poem the title was, Anthem for Dead Youth. This title is less striking than the title that it was later changed to which was, Anthem for Doomed Youth. The original title was less striking because it refers to the past tense, that is, the word dead. This word is not as striking as doomed because if the soldiers are already dead the reader will not feel personally connected, hence, will not evoke as strong emotions. They way that Wilfred Owen uses the word doomed in order to suppress the number of people joining the army, Rupert Brooke and Alfred Tennyson use language for the opposite effect, to promote going to war. For example, in the poem, The Soldier by Rupert Brooke, the line if I should die comes to mind. The word if is used in this poem for contrasting effect to the word doomed in Anthem for Doomed Youth. The word if is used to play down the idea that he will even die on the battlefield, hence, it is being used for an optimistic effect, in complete contrast with what Owen is aiming to achieve with his use of language. Owen is aiming to achieve a pessimistic attitude to war amongst people and Brooke is trying to increase optimism amongst the population. Lord Alfred Tennyson, also, uses his language for an optimistic attitude of war to be achieved. For example, into the jaws of death is used instead of describing their death. This metaphor takes attention away from the death and does not even include details of deaths; all this positive language is used to give the reader an optimistic attitude towards war. This is the opposite to what Owen is trying to achieve using negative language. The poetry of Wilfred Owen is very rich in imagery. For example, in Anthem for Doomed Youth, very vivid images of a Victorian funeral and death on a battlefield (which are the two scenes compared in the poem) are portrayed using many different poetic techniques. The comparison of death on the battlefield and a Victorian funeral are composed through metaphors In the first stanza of this poem, imagery as well as sound are used to great effect in painting a picture of death on the battlefield An example of this would be, The shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells, the metaphor of a shell being a choir, this helps to paint a vivid picture in ones mind of what it is like on a battlefield and what a soldier must feel like to die on one compared to an ordinary funeral, two different types of wailing are meant by the word in this quotation, one would be the wailing of the shells and another the wailing of relatives grieving. Sound is used to great effect in that very same quote as the words shrill and choirs work very well together to help the reader to get a greater sensory feel for the situation. Brooke also makes a jibe at Victorian funerals, No mockeries for them, essentially he is trying to call the ceremony of a funeral a complete mockery as well as comparing the two different types of death. The use of onomatopoeia is also employed in the first stanza, for example, stuttering rifles rapid rattle and wailing shells, these two uses of onomatopoeia help to further build up imagery of the situation in the mind of the reader and alliteration is also used when describing the rifles, this increases the tempo of the line to further add onomatopoetic effect to the rifle. That imagery puts across to the reader an image of the most undignified death, and shows the reader that once a soldier has dies, nothing will stop for it, not even to pay respects; their death is undignified, painful and gruesome. Through imagery Owen is trying to convey to the reader that war is not noble, that it is never glorious for either party and that death on the battlefield is meaningless. The second stanza talks about the inability of those left behind to mourn and metaphors now deal with visual comparisons between a conventional funeral and death on the battlefield. The way Owen does this is that he uses metaphors to provide images of those left behind unable to grieve. For example, Not in the hands of boys, but in their eyes shall shine the holy glimmers of goodbyes. This is strong emotional imagery through which Owen helps the reader to understand what it was like to grieve somebody but not be able to have any contact with that person, even a best friend could be killed and nobody would be able to pay their last respects. No sound is used in the second stanza to accompany the imagery that is put across to the reader. The imagery, on the other hand, is still powerful enough to give the reader a vivid idea of what is happening in the poem. Much of Owens poetry is based upon evoking the senses of the reader and allowing the reader to experience, in some way, the horrors that the soldiers faced. For example, Owen begins the poem with hard striking words that the reader may be shocked at, for example, Only the monstrous anger of the guns. As the poem progresses though and we enter the second stanza a sense of serenity creeps into the poem, for example, Their flowers the tenderness of patient minds. This is a serene line and the difference between these two stanzas is that one uses hard, violent language whilst the other uses serene language. This is the difference in terms of death on a battlefield and a traditional funeral that Owen was referring to. The differences between the two deaths is that death on a battlefield is violent and brutal and nobody has time for last respects but with a traditional funeral it is serene and everybody gets time to grieve, these two styles of death are mirrored in the style of writing in both stanzas. .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e , .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e .postImageUrl , .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e , .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e:hover , .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e:visited , .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e:active { border:0!important; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e:active , .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufcc3862d229623a69d5dc2fef9b5378e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Philip Larkin EssayWilfred Owen uses vivid imagery and carefully worded poems in order to help the reader experience the true realities of war. Through these images Owen puts across to his readers that war is not glorious and that war is not what everybody thought it to be, Owen portrays this well through the use of wordplay, sound and imagery. The pessimistic language that Owen uses has a very strong effect on the attitude he paints towards war, as does the optimistic language used by Tennyson and Brooke have strong effects on the attitude they paint towards war. Owenss overall attitude to war was that war is horrific, inhumane but that there was also tremendous love and loyalty between the soldiers, this is shown in the line, But in their eyes shall shine the holy glimmer of goodbye. This line shows that the soldiers who fought side by side had feelings for each other and could not bear to watch their friends die in this fashion. Even though Owen portrays war as horrific and undignified and inhumane, the fact that soldiers were so loyal to one another may have been the one beautiful thing Owen saw in war. This view of gratitude towards loyal soldiers is shared by Lord Alfred Tennyson. In the poem, The Charge of the Light Brigade, Tennyson writes, Theirs not to reason why, theirs but to do and die. This line showed that the soldiers obeyed commands even though they were wrong and threatened the lives of the soldiers. This shows incredible loyalty to their officers and the army. One of the only parallels between the views of Tennyson and those of Owen is that they both agree that the soldiers who go to war are brave, obedient, loyal and fearless and those are qualities both Tennyson and Owen believe soldiers have no matter what their views on war they are united in respecting soldiers. Wilfred Owen also wrote another poem concerning the matter of war and this poem is called Dulce et Decorum Est. This is an extremely important poem in the context of this essay at least. It is extremely important as it incorporates the concept of the old lie as its focal point. The old lie of course being what I discussed at the beginning of this essay, that being that it is noble, glorious and dignified to die for your country on a battlefield, which the poetry of Wilfred Owen firmly dispels . The poem is divided into three sections, with each section containing eight lines. The rhyme scheme of this poem is ABABCDCD in every one of the three stanzas. There are four extra lines at the end of the poem which summarise and contain the morale of the poem which of course is to do with dismissing the old lie as fiction, My friend, you would not tell with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory, the old Lie: Dulce et Decorum Est Pro Patria Mori. Like Anthem for Doomed Youth, this poem is based on imagery that evoke the senses. There are many uses of similes and metaphors in this poem which leads to a vivid visual painting. For example, in stanza one, Coughing like hags, we cursed through the sludge. This line uses a metaphor and a simile to great effect to convey the conditions the soldiers were in during battle. Another example of the excellent imagery formed through the use of similes and metaphors, this time from the second stanza, and floundering like a man in fire under a green sea, I saw him drowning. This shows great use of a pointed effect using a simile and the metaphor of the soldier drowning contributes to the vivid imagery Owen uses to paint images in your mind. The imagery in this poem is of a very different tone and nature compared to the imagery in the poetry of Rupert Brooke and Alfred Tennyson. For example, in The Soldier, serene peaceful language is always being used even though the poem is set in a battle situation, for example, A body of Englands, breathing English air. This sentence turns the scene of a dead corpse, through the use of euphemisms and serene language, turns the sentence into a serene and even patriotic scene. Tennysons imagery produced through The Charge of the Light Brigade also contrasts to the imagery produced by Owen. For example, Dulce et Decorum Est uses heavy and gruesome imagery to paint a vivid and realistic image of death whilst, The Charge of the Light Brigade, uses language to the opposite effect, in order to euphemistically describe death, for example, While horse and hero fell. This line euphemistically describes death on the battlefield and also imposes the impression of the old lie upon the reader. In the first stanza a lot of violent and blunt language is used, for example, But limped on, blood-shod. This line uses blunt and violent language. It would also appear that this language is the only entity that is driving the first stanza and without violent and blunt language the first stanza would be soulless and empty. Another example of blunt language being used in the first stanza is, Drunk with fatigue. Drunk people generally are not fatigued so that line is an oxymoron. Aside from that being an oxymoron, this is again a line that appears to be pumping energy into the energy depleted first stanza. This blunt and violent language carries the whole of the first stanza. In the second stanza the tempo is suddenly increased by a huge amount and the reader feels like they have been woken up from the slumber that was the first stanza. Owen may have used this technique in order to allow the reader to see how quickly the soldiers could have been put under attack into a life threatening situation. To give an example of the change in tempo, the last line of the first stanza was carrying on in a hypnotic rhythm, Of gas-shells dropping slowly behind. This line is very slow and calm, but the first line of the second stanza is, Gas! GAS! Quick boys! -An ecstasy of fumbling. This change in tempo shows the reader of the poem how alert to attack these soldiers had to be at any moment and how reacting a second too late could cost them their lives. In this poem, Owen always addresses the reader as you. This is important because it helps the reader to appreciate this as a piece of writing that is set in the present tense and as Owen directly talks to the reader, this may coax the reader to concur with Owens views and help to eradicate the old lie from their mind. This may also help the reader to empathise with Owen, as if Owen were making some kind of plea. Referring to the reader directly may also have the effect of making the reader think more about the morale of his poem as Owen had referred directly to the reader, essentially the reader get more involved in the poem and is more likely to act on the words of the poem than to dismiss it. In the third stanza of Dulce et Decorum Est, the metaphors and similes change dimension and become extremely sinister, corrupt and evil. This is done in order to create menacing images that would take the reader back in shock when he read the poem and would add further caused (based upon strong metaphors and similes used by Owen) for the reader to dismiss the old lie. Examples of horrific and sinister language would be, His hanging face, like a devils sick of sin. That sentence would have traumatized some readers and invoked shock in all other readers as the topic of the devil is sinister and taboo and any comparison to the devil would cause controversy. Further examples of corrupt diction, similes and metaphors would be, the blood come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs. This particular image is of an exceptionally gruesome nature, outlining the undignified manner in which this soldier died. This vivid imagery further adds to the evidence that Owen has shown us that would cause us to oust the old lie from our minds. One more example of extreme sickening and vivid imagery in this poem is, Bitter as the cud of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues. This sentence is especially gruesome as cud would also evoke the sense of smell which may actually make some readers want to be sick; such is the imagery and provocation of all the senses being given out by Owen in this third stanza. The diction of gruesome similes and metaphors in this poem put across such a morbid image of death on the battlefield that the reader now knows that it is no way dignified and glorious and these imageries from the text go a long way in dispelling the old lie from the minds of readers, which of course was Owens goal. Through the poetry examined it can be seen that the attitudes to war have moved from an attitude where war was seen as glorious and death on the battlefield was seen as dignified and noble. This attitude has slowly shifted towards one where war is seen as sickening and death on the battlefield was seen a undignified and that a cowardly fighter could no easily kill a much more skilled warrior from miles away and that no honour or dignity can be seen in that. Tennyson represented the view that war was absolutely glorious and that any soldier who died in battle would die a dignified and valorous death. He represented he view that war was a great event where anyone who died in battle would be rewarded and that their name would live on forever. And Brooke represented the view that war was still glorious but people were beginning to realise it was not as serene as they thought it would be. The general view of war was that it was heroic, brave, noble, glorious and dignified for a soldier to go into battle though less and less people still believed that. Owen represented the view that war was horrific and that death on the battlefield was both inhumane and undignified and that any man could kill any man without having to put up a brave fight, hence, battle has lost any honourable meaning and is sickening and there is a pointless waste of innocent lives. In conclusion, through critical analysis of poems by Rupert Brooke, Lord Alfred Tennyson and Wilfred Owen I have discovered that the general view on war has progressed from the times of Tennyson when war was considered noble, glorious and dignified. These views have progressed to the other end of the spectrum when at the time when Wilfred Owen was writing his poetry; Tennysons views were dispelled by Owen as the old lie. The modern view on war bought about through the poetry of Wilfred Owen was that war and death on the battlefield was undignified, pointless and gruesome. All these views from every poet was conveyed to the reader through literature, that is, poetry, and poetry provides a good example of how views of war have changed over time and how the old lie is now obsolete.